Zusammenfassung:
Die Ätiopathogenese des Somatisierungsprozesses lässt sich umfassend nur in einem
multifaktoriellen Modell beschreiben. Hierbei können Aspekte von Genetik, von Neurologie,
Neuro-, Psychophysiologie und Endokrinologie, von Persönlichkeits-, Wahrnehmungs-
und Kognitionspsychologie, des sozialen Lernens, des Krankheitswissens und der öffentlichen
Krankheitskonzeptualisierung, von negativen Lebensereignissen, chronischen psychosozialen
Stressoren, reduzierten Copingfertigkeiten, mangelnden Unterstützungsressourcen und
sozialen Verstärkersystemen, von koexistenten/komorbiden psychiatrischen Störungen,
von Traumapsychologie und Psychodynamik skizziert werden.
Somatization - Somatoform Disorders - Etiopathological Models:
A multifactorial model is obligatory to comprise the etiopathogenesis of somatization.
Thereby, different aspects of genetics, neurology, neurophysiology, psychophysiology,
endocrinology, psychology of personality, perception and cognition, social learning,
knowledge of illness, public conceptualisation of illness, negative life events, chronic
psychosocial stressors, reduced coping skills, lacking supporting systems, systems
of social reinforcement, coexistence/comorbidity of psychiatric disorders, traumapsychology
and psychodynamics can be outlined.
Literatur
- 1
Akiskal H S.
Psychopathology of proposed chronic depressive subtypes.
Am J Psychiatry.
1988;
140
11-20
- 2 Alexander F. Psychosomatische Medizin. Grundlagen und Anwendungsgebiete. Berlin:
De Gruyter 1951
- 3
Alper K, Devinsky O, Vasquez B. et al .
Non-epileptic seizures and childhood sexual and physical abuse.
Neurology.
1993;
43
1950-1953
- 4
Arconac O, Guze S B.
A family study of hysteria.
N Engl J Med.
1963;
268
239-242
- 5
Bacon N MK, Bacon S F, Hampton Atkinson J. et al .
Somatization symptoms in chronic low back pain patients.
Psychosom Med.
1994;
56
118-127
- 6
Baker B, Merskey H.
Parental representation of hypochondriacal patients.
Br J Psychiatry.
1982;
141
233-238
- 7
Barsky A J.
Patients who amplify bodily sensation.
Ann Intern Med.
1979;
91
63-70
- 8
Barsky A J.
Amplification, somatization, and the somatoform disorders.
Psychosomatics.
1992;
33
28-34
- 9
Barsky A J, Wool C, Barnett M C. et al .
Histories of childhood trauma in adult hypochondriacal patients.
Am J Psychiatry.
1994;
151
397-401
- 10
Bass C, Murphy M.
Somatization disorder in a British teaching hospital.
Br J Clin Pract.
1991;
45
237-244
- 11
Bass C, Murphy M.
Review: Somatoform and personality disorders: Syndromal comorbidity and overlapping
developmental pathways.
J Psychosom Res.
1995;
39
403-427
- 12
Battaglia M, Bernardeschi L, Polti E. et al .
Comorbidity of panic and somatization disorder: A genetic-epidemiological approach.
Compr Psychiatry.
1995;
36
411-420
- 13
von Baeyer W.
Zur Statistik und Form der abnormen Erlebnisreaktionen in der Gegenwart.
Nervenarzt.
1947;
19
402-408
- 14
Benjamin S, Eminson D M.
Abnormal illness behaviour: Childhood experiences and long-term consequences.
Int Rev Psychiatry.
1992;
4
55-70
- 15
Bishop E R, Mobley M C, Farr W F.
Lateralization of conversion symptoms.
Compr Psychiatry.
1978;
19
393-396
- 16
Bohman M, Cloninger C R, von Knorring A L. et al .
An adoption study of somatoform disorders: III. Cross-fostering analysis and genetic
relationship to alcoholism and criminality.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1984;
41
872-878
- 17 Bonanno G A, Singer J L. Repressive personality style: Theoretical and methodological
implications for health and pathology. In: Singer JL (ed) Repression and dissociation:
Implications for personality theory, psychopathology, and health Chicago: University
of Chicago Press 1990: 435-470
- 18
Bondy B, Spaeth M, Offenbaecher M. et al .
The T102C polymorphism of the 5-HT2A-receptor.
Neurobiol Dis.
1999;
6
433-439
- 19 Bremner J D, Vermetten E, Southwick S M, Krystal J H, Charney D S. Trauma, memory,
and dissociation: An integrative formulation. In: Bremner JD, Marmar CR (eds) Trauma,
memory, and dissociation Washington, DC, London: American Psychiatric Press 1998:
365-402
- 20
Breuer J, Freud S.
Über den psychischen Mechanismus hysterischer Phänomene. Vorläufige Mitteilung.
Neurol Zbl.
1893;
12
4-10
- 21
Bridges K, Goldberg D, Evans B, Sharpe T.
Determinants of somatization in primary care.
Psychol Med.
1991;
21
473-483
- 22
Bridges K W, Goldberg D P.
Somatic presentation of DSM-III psychiatric disorders in primary care.
J Psychosom Res.
1985;
29
563-569
- 23 Briquet P. Traite' clinique et therapeutique de l'hysterie. J. B. Ballière: Paris
1859
- 24
Bronisch T.
Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung. Neuere Forschungsergebnisse.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiat.
1997;
65
195
- 25
Brown F W, Golding J M, Smith G R.
Psychiatric comorbidity in primary care somatization disorder.
Psychosom Med.
1990;
52
445-451
- 26
Byrne D.
The repression-sensitization scale: Rationale, reliability and validity.
J Pers.
1961;
29
334-349
- 27
Cloninger C R, Martin R L, Guze S B, Clayton P J.
A prospective follow-up and family study of somatization in men and women.
Am J Psychiatry.
1986;
143
873-878
- 28
Cloninger C R, Sigvardsson S, von Knorring A L. et al .
An adoption study of somatoform disorders: II. Identification of two discrete somatoform
disorders.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1984;
41
863-871
- 29
Cohen K, Auld F, Brooker H.
Is alexithymia related to psychosomatic disorder and somatization?.
J Psychosom Res.
1994;
38
119-127
- 30
Cooper B.
Single spies and battallions: The clinical epidemiology of mental disorders.
Psychol Med.
1993;
23
891-907
- 31
Coryell W, Norten S G.
Briquet's syndrome (somatization disorder) and primary depression: Comparison of background
and outcome.
Compr Psychiatry.
1981;
22
249-256
- 32
Craig T KJ, Boardman A P, Mills K. et al .
The South London somatization study: I: Longitudinal course and the influence of early
life experiences.
Br J Psychiatry.
1993;
163
570-588
- 33 Cutting J. The right cerebral hemisphere and psychiatric disorders. Oxford: Oxford
University Press 1990
- 34
David A S, Wessely S C.
The legend of Camelford.
J Psychosom Res.
1995;
39
1-10
- 35
De Leon J, Saiz-Ruiz J, Chinchilla A, Morales P.
Why do some psychiatric patients somatize.
Acta Psychiat Scand.
1987;
76
203-209
- 36
Deary I J.
A taxonomy of medically unexplained symptoms.
J Psychosom Res.
1999;
47
51-59
- 37
Drossman D A, Leserman J, Nachman G. et al .
Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders.
Ann Intern Med.
1990;
113
828-833
- 38
Egle U T.
Das benigne Schmerzsyndrom. Diagnostische Subgruppen, Screening-Parameter, biographische
Disposition.
Psychosom Med Psychol.
1992;
42
261-272
- 39
Emery P E.
The inner world in the outer world: The phenomenology of posttraumatic stress disorder
from a psychoanalytic perspective.
J Am Acad Psychoanal.
1996;
24
273-291
- 40 Ermann M. Psychogene Bewegungsstörungen - Schiefhals und Schreibkrampf im Verständnis
des erweiterten Konversionsmodells. In: Hippius H, Rüther E, Schmauß M (Hrsg) Katatone
und dyskinetische Syndrome Berlin, Springer 1989: 41-46
- 41 Ermann M. Psychotherapeutische und psychosomatische Medizin. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer
1987
- 42 Eysenck H. The biological basis of personality. Thomas, Springfield I 1967
- 43 Fenichel O. The psychoanalytical theory of neurosis. New York: Norton 1945
- 44
Fink P.
Physical complaints and symptoms of somatizing patients.
J Psychosom Res.
1992a;
36
125-136
- 45
Fink P.
The use of hospitalizations by persistent somatizing patients.
Psychol Med.
1992b;
22
173-180
- 46
Fink P.
Surgery and medical treatment in persistent somatizing patients.
J Psychosom Res.
1993;
6
439-447
- 47 Fink P. Persistent somatization. University of Aarhus: Faculty of Health Sciences
1997
- 48
Flor-Henry P, Fromm-Auch D, Taper M, Schopflocher D.
A neuropsychological study of the stable syndrome of hysteria.
Biol Psychiat.
1981;
16
601-626
- 49
Folks D G, Ford C B, Regan W M.
Conversion symptoms in a general hospital.
Psychosomatics.
1984;
25
285-295
- 50
Ford C V.
The somatizing disorders.
Psychosomatics.
1986;
27
327-337
- 51
Ford C V.
Somatization and fashionable diagnoses: Illness as a way of life.
Scand J Work Environ Health.
1997;
23 (suppl 3)
7
- 52 Freud S. Jenseits des Lustprinzips. GW XIII. Frankfurt a. Main: Fischer 1920: 1-69
- 53 Freud S. Eine Teufelsneurose im siebzehnten Jahrhundert. GW XIII. Frankfurt a.
Main: Fischer 1923: 317-353
- 54 Freud S. Hemmung, Symptom, Angst, GW XIV. Frankfurt a. Main: Fischer 1926: 111-205
- 55 Freud S, Breuer J. Studien über Hysterie. GW 1. Frankfurt a. Main: Fischer 1895:
75-312
- 56
Freyberger H J, Spitzer C, Stieglitz R D, Kuhn G, Magdeburg N, Bernstein-Carlson E.
Fragebogen zu dissoziativen Symptomen (FDS). Deutsche Adaptation, Reliabilität und
Validität der amerikanischen Dissociative Experience Scale (DES).
Psychother Psychosom med Psychol.
1998;
48
223-229
- 57
Galin D, Diamond R, Broff D.
Lateralization of conversion symptoms: More frequent on the left.
Am J Psychiatry.
1977;
134
578-580
- 58
Gershuny B S, Thayer J F.
Relations among psychological trauma, dissociative phenomena, and trauma-related distress:
A review and integration.
Clin Psychol Review.
1997;
19
631-657
- 59 Gilman S L, King H, Porter R, Rousseau G S, Showalter E. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley:
University of California Press 1993
- 60
Golding J M.
Sexual assault history and physical health in randomly selected Los Angeles women.
Health Psychol.
1994;
13
130-138
- 61
Gordon E, Kraiuhin C, Meares R, Howson A.
Auditory evoked response potentials in somatization disorder.
J Psychiat Re.
1986;
20
237-248
- 62 Green A. Hysterie. In: Eicke D (Hrsg) Die Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts, Bd.
II, Freud und die Folgen (I) München: Kindler 1976: 623-651
- 63
Gureje O, Simon G E, Ustun T B, Goldberg D P.
Somatization in cross-cultural perspective: A World Health Organization Study in primary
care.
Am J Psychiatry.
1997;
154
989-995
- 64
Guze S B.
Genetics of Briquet's syndrome and somatization disorder. A review of family, adoption,
and twin studies.
Annals Clin Psychiatry.
1993;
5
225-230
- 65
Guze S B, Cloninger C R, Martin R L, Clayton P J.
A follow-up and family study of Briquet's syndrome.
Br J Psychiatry.
1986;
149
17-23
- 66 Hegerl U. Interaktion von Depression und Somatisierung. In: Möller HJ, Lauter H,
Kapfhammer HP (Hrsg) Psychiatrie für die Praxis 28. Somatisierung, Angst und Depression
München: MMV Medien & Medizin 1998: 49-55
- 67
Heim C, Ehlert U, Hanker J P, Hellhammer D H.
Abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder and alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
axis in women with chronic pelvic pain.
Psychosom Med.
1998;
60
309-318
- 68
Hoffmann S O.
Der Konversionsmechanismus. Vorschlag zur operationalen Definition eines für die Psychosomatische
Medizin grundlegenden Konzepts.
Psychotherapeut.
1996;
41
88
- 69 Horowitz M J. Stress response syndromes (2nded). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson 1986
- 70
Hudson J I, Hudson M S, Pliner L F. et al .
Fibromyalgia and major affective disorders. A controlled phenomenology and family
history study.
Am J Psychiatry.
1985;
142
441-446
- 71
James L, Gordon E, Kraiuhin C. et al .
Augmentation of auditory evoked potentials in somatization disorder.
J Psychiat Res.
1990;
24
155-163
- 72
James L, Gordon E, Kraiuhin C, Meares R.
Selective attention and auditory event-related potentials in somatization disorder.
Compr Psychiatry.
1989;
30
84-89
- 73
James L, Singer A, Zurynski Y. et al .
Evoked response potentials and regional cerebral blood flow in somatization disorder.
Psychother Psychosom.
1987;
47
190-196
- 74 Janet P. L'automatisme psychologique. Paris: Alcan 1889
- 75 Janet P. L'État mental des hystériques. Paris: Rueff 1894
- 76 Kapfhammer H P. Entwicklung der Emotionalität. Psychoanalytische Entwicklungspsychologie. Stuttgart:
Kohlhammer 1995
- 77
Kapfhammer H P.
Somatoforme und Konversionsstörungen im Krankenhaus.
Psychotherapie in Psychiatrie, Psychotherapeutischer Medizin und Klinischer Psychologie.
1997;
2
72-82
- 78 Kapfhammer H P. Die larvierte Depression als psychosomatische Krankheit. In: Nissen
G (Hrsg) Depressionen. Prävention und Therapie Stuttgart: Kohlhammer 1999a: 103-125
- 79 Kapfhammer H P. Somatoforme Störungen. In: Möller HJ, Laux G, Kapfhammer HP (Hrsg)
Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 1999b: 1303-1310
- 80 Kapfhammer H P. Behandlung von somatoformen Störungen. In: Möller HJ (Hrsg) Therapie
psychiatrischer Krankheiten. 2. Aufl Stuttgart: Thieme 1999c: 844-858
- 81 Kapfhammer H P. Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung. In: Möller HJ, Laux G, Kapfhammer
HP (Hrsg) Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 1999d: 1242-1272
- 82 Kapfhammer H P. Psychiatrische Aspekte der Umweltmedizin - Zur Diagnostik und Behandlung
von Umweltängsten und somatoformen Umweltunverträglichkeiten. In: Dott W, Merk HS,
Neuser J, Osieka R (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Umweltmedizin Mannheim: Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft
1999e
- 83 Kapfhammer H P. Dissoziative Störungen. In: Möller HJ, Laux G, Kapfhammer HP (Hrsg)
Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 1999f: 1273-1302
- 84 Kapfhammer H P. Trauma und Dissoziation - eine neurobiologische Perspektive. Psychotherapie
in Psychiatrie, Psychotherapeutischer Medizin und klinischer Psychologie (eingereicht).
- 85
Kapfhammer H P, Buchheim P, Bove D, Wagner A.
Konversionssymptome bei Patienten im psychiatrischen Konsiliardienst.
Nervenarzt.
1992;
63
527-538
- 86
Kapfhammer H P, Dobmeier P, Mayer C, Rothenhäusler H B.
Konversionssymptome in der Neurologie - eine psychopathologische und psychodynamische
Differenzierung in Konversionsstörung, Somatisierungsstörung und artifizielle Störung.
Psychosom Psychother med Psychol.
1998a;
48
463-474
- 87
Kapfhammer H P, Dobmeier P, Rothenhäusler H B, Mayer C.
Artefizielle Störungen: Zwischen Täuschung und Selbstschädigung.
Nervenarzt.
1998b;
69
401-409
- 88
Kapfhammer H P, Mayer C, Hock U. et al .
Course of illness in phobic postural vertigo: Results of a neuropsychiatric follow-up
study.
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica.
1997;
95
23-28
- 89 Kapfhammer H P, Wittbrodt M, Tischinger M, Rothenhäusler H B. Conversion syndromes
in neurology - a test-psychological differentiation. Gen Hosp Psychiatry (submitted)
- 90
Katon W.
Panic disorder: Relationship to high medical utilization, unexplained physical symptoms
and medical costs.
J Clin Psychiatry.
1996;
57 (10 suppl)
11-18
- 91
Katon W, Lin E, von Korff M. et al .
Somatization: A spectrum of severity.
Am J Psychiatry.
1991;
148
34-40
- 92
Kennedy B L, Schwab J J.
Utilization of medical specialists by anxiety disorder patients.
Psychosomatics.
1997;
38
109-112
- 93
Kirmayer L J, Robbins J M.
Three forms of somatization in primary care: Prevalence, co-occurrence, and sociodemographic
characteristics.
J Nerv Ment Dis.
1991;
179
647-655
- 94
Kirmayer L J, Robbins J M.
Patients who somatize in primary care: A longitudinal study of cognitive and social
characteristics.
Psychol Med.
1996;
26
937-957
- 95
Kirmayer L J, Robbins J M, Dworkind M, Yaffe M J.
Somatization and the recognition of depression and anxiety in primary care.
Am J Psychiatry.
1993;
150
734-741
- 96
Kirmayer L J, Robbins J M, Paris J.
Somatoform disorders: Personality and the social matrix of somatic disease.
J Abnorm Psychol.
1994;
103
125-136
- 97
Kirmayer L J, Young A.
Culture and somatization: Clinical, epidemiological, and ethnographic perspectives.
Psychosom Med.
1998;
60
420-430
- 98
Köhle K.
Funktionelle Syndrome in der inneren Medizin. Epidemiologie, Ätiologie, Pathogenese,
Psychodynamik und Differentialdiagnose.
Internist.
1991;
32
3-11
- 99
Kranz H.
Zeitbedingte abnormale Erlebnisreaktionen.
Allg Z Psychiat.
1949;
124
336
- 100 Kretschmer E. Hysterie. 7. neugefasste Auflage. Stuttgart: Thieme 1974
- 101
Krystal H.
Trauma and affects.
Psa Study Child.
1978;
33
81
- 102
Krystal H.
Trauma and the stimulus barrier.
Psa Inquiry.
1985;
5
131-161
- 103
Krystal H.
Desomatization and the consequences of infantile psychic trauma.
Psa Inquiry.
1997;
17
126-150
- 104 Krystal J H, Bremner J D, Southwick S M, Charney D S. The emerging neurobiology
of dissociation: Implications for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In:
Bremner JD, Marmar CR (eds) Trauma, memory, and dissociation Washington DC, London:
American Psychiatric Press 1998: 321-364
- 105
Lader M, Sartorius N.
Anxiety in patients with hysterical conversion symptoms.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
1968;
31
490-495
- 106
Lazarus R S, Folkman S.
Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping.
Eur J Personality.
1987;
1
141-169
- 107 Lifton R J. From Hiroshima to the Nazi doctors. The evolution of psychoformative
approaches to understanding traumatic stress syndromes. In: Wilson JP, Raphael B (eds)
International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes New York: Plenum 1993: 11-23
- 108
Lipowski Z J.
Somatization and depression.
Psychosomatics.
1990;
31
13-21
- 109
Liskow B, Othmer E, Penick E. et al .
Is Briquet's syndrome a heterogeneous disorder?.
Am J Psychiatry.
1986;
143
626-629
- 110
Ljungberg L.
Hysteria: Clinical, prognostic and genetic study.
Acta Psychiatr Scand.
1957;
32 (suppl 112)
1-162
- 111
Lloyd G G.
Psychiatric syndromes with a somatic presentation.
J Psychosom Res.
1986;
30
113-120
- 112
Ludwig A M.
Hysteria: A neurobiological theory.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1972;
27
771-777
- 113
Lumley M A, Stettner L, Wehmer F.
How are alexithymia and physical illness linked? A review and critique of pathways.
J Psychosom Res.
1996;
41
505-518
- 114
Lupke U, Ehlert U.
Selektive Aufmerksamkeitsleistung auf gesundheitsbedrohliche Reize bei Patienten mit
einer somatoformen Störung.
Zschr Klin Psychol.
1998;
27
163-171
- 115
Lydiard R, Greenwald S, Weissman M. et al .
Panic disorder and gastrointestinal symptoms: Findings from the NIMH Epidemiologic
Catchment Area project.
Am J Psychiatry.
1994;
151
64
- 116
Maier W.
Angst- und Somatisierungsstörungen.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiat.
1998;
66 (Sonderheft I)
S3-S8
- 117 Manu P. Functional somatic syndromes. Etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press 1998: 32
- 118 Margolin S G. Genetic and dynamic psychophysiological determinants of pathophysiological
processes. In: Deutsch F (ed) The psychosomatic concept in psychoanalysis New York:
International Universities Press 1953: 3-34
- 119 Marmar C R, Weiss D S, Metzler T. Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic
stress disorder. In: Bremner JD, Marmar CR (eds) Trauma, memory, and dissociation
Washington DC, London: American Psychiatric Press 1998: 229-252
- 120
Marsden C D.
Hysteria - a neurologist's view.
Psychol Med.
1986;
16
277-288
- 121
Marshall J C, Halligan P, Fink G R. et al .
The functional anatomy of a hysterical paralysis.
Cognition.
1997;
64
B1-B8
- 122
Martin R D.
The somatoform conundrum: A question of nosological values.
Gen Hosp Psychiatry.
1999;
21
177-186
- 123
Mayou R.
The nature of bodily symptoms.
Br J Psychiatry.
1976;
129
55-60
- 124
Mayou R.
Illness behavior and psychiatry.
Gen Hosp Psychiatry.
1989;
11
307-312
- 125 Mayou R, Bass C, Sharpe M. Treatment of functional somatic symptoms. Oxford: Oxford
University Press 1995
- 126
Mayou R, Sharpe M.
Patients whom doctors find difficult to help. An important and neglected problem.
Psychosomatics.
1995;
36
323-325
- 127
Meares R.
Stimulus entrapment: On a common basis of somatization.
Psa Inquiry.
1997;
17
223-234
- 128
Meares R, Horvath T.
Acute and chronic hysteria.
Br J Psychiatry.
1972;
121
653-657
- 129
Mechanic D.
The concept of illness behavior.
J Chron Dis.
1962;
15
189-194
- 130
Menninger K.
Polysurgery and polysurgery addiction.
Psa Quarterly.
1934;
3
173-199
- 131 Mentzos S. Hysterie. Zur Psychodynamik unbewußter Inszenierungen. München: Kindler
1980
- 132
Merskey H, Buhrich N H.
Hysteria and organic brain disease.
Br J Med Psychol.
1975;
48
359-366
- 133
Merskey H, Trimble M.
Personality, sexual adjustment, and brain lesions in patients with conversion symptoms.
Am J Psychiatric.
1979;
136
179-182
- 134
Moersch E.
Sozialpsychologische Reflexionen zum Symptomwandel psychischer Störungen.
Psyche.
1978;
32
1-6
- 135
Miller L.
Neuropsychological concepts of somatoform disorders.
Int'I J Psych Med.
1984;
14
31-46
- 136
Morrison J.
Childhood sexual histories of women with somatization disorder.
Am J Psychiatry.
1989;
146
239-241
- 137
Mullins L L, Olson R A.
Familial factors in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of somatoform disorders
in children.
Fam Syst Med.
1990;
8
159-175
- 138 Myrtek M, Fahrenberg J. Somatoforme Störungen: Konzeptuelle und methodologische
Kritik und ein Plädoyer für die funktionelle Analyse des Krankheitsverhaltens. In:
Margraf J, Neumer S, Rief W (Hrsg) Somatoforme Störungen. Ätiologie, Diagnose und
Therapie Berlin: Springer 1998: 191-211
- 139
Nemiah J C, Sifneos P E.
Psychosomatic illness: A problem of communication.
Psa Quart.
1970;
44
81-106
- 140
Noyes R, Holt C S, Happel R L. et al .
A family study of hypochondriasis.
J Nerv Ment Dis.
1997;
185
223-232
- 141
Offenbaecher M, Glatzeder K, Ackenheil M.
Self-reported depression, familial history of depression and fibromyalgia (FM), and
psychological distress in patients with FM.
Zschr Rheumatol.
1998;
57 (suppl 2)
94-96
- 142
Orbach I.
The role of the body experience in self-destruction.
Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry.
1996;
1
607-619
- 143 Parsons T. The social system. New York: Free Press of Glencoe 1951
- 144
Pennebaker J S, Czaijka J A, Cropanzano R. et al .
Levels of thinking.
Person Soc Psychol Bull.
1990;
16
743-757
- 145 Pennebaker J S, Watson D. The psychology of somatic symptoms. In: Kirmayer LJ,
Robbins JM (eds) Current concepts of somatizations: Research and clinical perspectives
Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press 1991: 21-35
- 146
Pilowsky I.
The concept of abnormal illness behavior.
Psychosomatics.
1990;
21
207-213
- 147
Plassmann R.
Der Arzt, der Artefakt-Patient und der Körper. Eine psychoanalytische Untersuchung
des Mimikry-Phänomens.
Psyche.
1987;
41
883-899
- 148
Ramchandani D, Schindler B.
Evaluation of pseudoseizures. A psychiatric perspective.
Psychosomatics.
1993;
43
70-79
- 149
Rief W, Hiller W, Geissner E, Fichtner M M.
A two-year follow-up study of patients with somatoform disorders.
Psychosomatics.
1995;
36
376-386
- 150
Rief W, Schaefer S, Hiller W, Fichtner M M.
Lifetime diagnosis in patients with somatoform disorders: Which came first.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.
1992;
241
236-240
- 151
Rief W, Shaw R, Fichtner M M.
Elevated levels of psychophysiological arousal and cortisol in patients with somatization
syndrome.
Psychosom Med.
1998;
60
198-203
- 152
Robbins J M, Kirmayer L J, Hemami S.
Latent variable models of functional somatic distress.
J Nerv Ment Dis.
1997;
185
606
- 153
Robinson J O, Granfield A J.
The frequent consulter in primary medical care.
J Psychosom Res.
1996;
30
589-600
- 154 Rodin G, Groot de J, Spivak H. Trauma, dissociation, and somatization. In: Bremner
JD, Marmar CR (eds) Trauma, memory, and dissociation Washington DC: American Psychiatric
Press 1998: 161-178
- 155
Rodin G M.
Somatization: A perspective from self psychology.
J Am Acad Psychoanal.
1991;
19
367-384
- 156 Rohde-Dachser C. Das Borderline-Syndrom. Bern: Huber 1989
- 157
Ron M A.
Somatization in neurological practice.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
1994;
57
1161-1164
- 158
Rost K M, Akins R N, Brown F W, Smith G R.
The comorbidity of DSM-III-R personality disorders in somatization disorder.
Gen Hosp Psychiatry.
1992;
14
322-326
- 159
Roy A.
Cerebral disease and hysteria.
Compr Psychiatry.
1977;
18
607-609
- 160
Rupprecht-Schampera U.
The concept of ‘early triangulation’ as a key to a unified model of hysteria.
Int J Psychoanal.
1995;
76
457-473
- 161
Russo J, Katon W, Sullivan M. et al .
Severity of somatization and its relationship to psychiatric disorders and personality.
Psychosomatics.
1994;
35
546-556
- 162
Saxe G N, Chinman G, Berkowitz R. et al .
Somatization in patients with dissociative disorders.
Am J Psychiatry.
1994;
151
1329-1334
- 163
Scaloubaca D, Slade P, Creed F.
Life events and somatization among students.
J Psychosom Res.
1988;
32
221-229
- 164 Schepank H. Erb- und Umweltfaktoren bei Neurosen. Tiefenpsychologische Untersuchungen
an 50 Zwillingspaaren. Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Psychiatrie, Bd. 11. Berlin,
Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1974
- 165 Shorter E. From paralysis to fatigue. A history of psychosomatic illness in the
modern era. New York: The Free Press 1992
- 166 Showalter E. Hystories. Hysterical epidemics and modern culture. London: Picador
1997
- 167
Schur M.
Some comments on the metapsychology of somatization.
Psa Study Child.
1995;
10
119-164
- 168 Shapiro D. Neurotic styles. New York: Basic Books 1965
- 169
Sharpe M, Bass C.
Pathophysiological mechanisms in somatization.
Int Rev Psychiatry.
1992;
4
81-97
- 170 Simon G E. Somatization and psychiatric disorders. In: Kirmayer LJ, Robbins JM
(eds) Current concepts of somatization: Research and clinical perspectives Washington
DC: American Psychiatric Press 1991: 37-62
- 171
Slater E.
The thirty-fifth Maudsley lecture: “Hysteria 311”.
J Ment Sci.
1961;
107
359-381
- 172
Smith G R, Monson R A, Ray D C.
Patients with multiple unexplained symptoms.
Arch Int Med.
1986;
146
69-72
- 173
Spiegel D.
Neurophysiological correlates of hypnosis and dissociation.
J Neuropsychiatric Clin Neurosci.
1991;
3
440-445
- 174
Stern D B.
Lateral distribution of conversion reactions.
J Nerv Ment Dis.
1977;
164
122-128
- 175
Stuart S, Noyes R.
Attachment and interpersonal communication in somatization.
Psychosomatics.
1999;
40
34-43
- 176
Swartz M, Blazer D, George L. et al .
Somatization disorder in a community population.
Am J Psychiatry.
1986;
143
1403-1408
- 177 Taylor G J, Bagby R M, Parker J DA. Disorders of affect regulation. Alexithymia
in medical and psychiatric illness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1997
- 178
Taylor S, Hyler S E.
Update on factitious disorders.
Int J Psychiatry Med.
1993;
23
81-94
- 179
Tomasson K, Kent D, Coryell W.
Somatization and conversion disorder: Comorbidity and demographics at presentation.
Acta Psychiatr Scand.
1991;
84
288-293
- 180
Torgersen S.
Genetics of somatoform disorders.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1986;
43
502-505
- 181
Tyrer P, Fowler-Dixon R, Ferguson B, Keleman A.
A plea for the diagnosis of hypochondrial patients.
Psychol Med.
1990;
23
167-173
- 182 Vögele C. Die Interozeption körperlicher Empfindungen bei somatoform gestörten
Patienten. In: Margraf J, Neumer S, Rief W (Hrsg) Somatoforme Störungen. Ätiologie,
Diagnose und Therapie Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 1998: 167-182
- 183
Walker E A, Gelfand A N, Gelfand M D. et al .
Chronic pelvic pain and gynecological symptoms in women with irritable bowel syndrome.
J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol.
1996;
17
39-46
- 184
Walker E A, Katon W J, Hansom J. et al .
Medical and psychiatric symptoms in women with childhood sexual abuse.
Psychosom Med.
1992;
54
658-664
- 185
Walker L S, Greene J W.
Negative life events, psychosocial resources, and psychophysiological symptoms in
adolescents.
J Clin Child Psychol.
1987;
16
29-36
- 186
Walker L S, McLaughlin F J, Greene J W.
Functional illness and family functioning: A comparison of healthy and somatizing
adolescents.
Fam Proc.
1988;
27
317-325
- 187
Warwick H MC, Salkovskis P M.
Hypochondriasis.
Behav Res Ther.
1990;
28
105-117
- 188 Weiner H. Perturbing the organism: The biology of stressful experience. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press 1992
- 189
Whitlock F A.
The aetiology of hysteria.
Acta Psychiatr Scand.
1967;
43
144-162
- 190 Wickramasekera I E. Clinical behavioral medicine: Some concepts and procedures. New
York: Plenum Press 1988
- 191 Willi J. Die Zweierbeziehung. Reinbeck: Rowohlt 1975
- 192 Wittling W, Roschmann R, Schweiger E. Topographic brain mapping of emotion-related
hemisphere activity and susceptibility to psychosomatic disorders. In: Maurer K (ed)
Imaging brain in psychiatry and related fields Berlin: Springer 1992: 271-276
- 193
Woerner P I, Guze S B.
A family and marital study of hysteria.
Br J Psychiatry.
1968;
114
161-168
- 194
Zoccolillo M, Cloninger C R.
Somatization disorder: Psychological symptoms, social disability, and diagnosis.
Compr Psychiatry.
1986;
27
65-73
1 Prof. Dr. H. Hippius zum 75. Geburtstag herzlich gewidmet
Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil H P Kapfhammer
Psychiatrische Klinik der LMU München
Nußbaumstraße 780336 München
eMail: E-mail: hkapham@psy.med.uni-muenchen.de
