Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung
Diskussion von Sinn und Nutzen eines generellen HIV-Screenings bei gynäkologischen
und geburtshilflichen Patientinnen.
Methode
Literaturübersicht.
Ergebnisse
Die Prävalenz der HIV-Infektion ist mit 0,23 % in den westeuropäischen Ländern vergleichsweise
niedrig. Anhand der epidemiologischen Daten für Österreich 1999 wird gezeigt, dass
74 % aller neu erfassten HIV-Infektionen bei Frauen die Altersgruppe unter 40 Jahre
betreffen und dass nur 4 % der Frauen mit einer HIV-Infektion über 50 Jahre alt sind.
Ein eindeutiges Risikoverhalten (i.v. Drogengebrauch, Transfusionsempfängerin) kann
nur in etwa 40 % erhoben werden. Durch HIV-Screening aller Schwangeren und entsprechende
prophylaktische Maßnahmen kann das Risiko für eine peripartale vertikale Übertragung
von der Mutter auf das Kind von ursprünglich ca. 30 % auf deutlich unter 1 % gesenkt
werden. Das Risiko des medizinischen Personals, bei entsprechender Exposition an einer
berufsbedingten HIV-Infektion zu erkranken, ist im Vergleich zu anderen über Körperflüssigkeiten
übertragbaren Virusinfektionen (Hepatitis B und C) niedrig. Ein generelles HIV-Screening
aller gynäkologischen Patientinnen würde das Risiko für berufsbedingte HIV-Infektionen
beim medizinischen Personal nicht reduzieren. Dieses Risiko kann nur durch generell
angewandte Maßnahmen des Infektionsschutzes wirkungsvoll gesenkt werden.
Schlussfolgerungen
Ein routinemäßiges, generelles HIV-Screening aller Schwangeren zur Prophylaxe einer
vertikalen Transmission erscheint absolut sinnvoll und nützlich, ein systematisches
HIV-Screening aller gynäkologischen Patientinnen ist hingegen nicht zielführend.
Summary
Objective
To discuss the possible benefits and shortcomings of routine screening for HIV in
gynecologic and obstetric patients.
Method
Literature review.
Results
The prevalence of HIV infection in Western Europe is low (0.23 %). Epidemiologic data
from Austria for the year 1999 show that 74 % of all newly diagnosed cases of HIV
infection in women occur at an age of 20 to 40 years and only 4 % at an age of more
than 50 years. Perinatal vertical transmission of HIV from mother to child can be
reduced from about 30 % to less than 1 % by antiretroviral therapy, elective cesarean
section, prophylactic therapy of the newborn and avoiding breast-feeding. Thus, the
data support screening all pregnant women for HIV infection. The risk of hospital
staff for occupational HIV infection is low compared to other blood-borne infections
such as hepatitis B or C. Universal precautions for dealing with body fluids should
be observed. Screening gynecologic patients for HIV is not an appropriate measure
to reduce the risk of occupational HIV infection.
Conclusions
Because vertical transmission can be prevented, all pregnant women should be screened
for HIV infection. In contrast, it makes little sense to screen all gynecologic patients.
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Dr. Franz Moser
Geburtshilflich-gynäkologische Universitätsklinik
Auenbruggerplatz 14
8036 Graz
Österreich
eMail: moser.franz@klinikum-graz.at