Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung: Veränderungen motorischer Aktivität stellen ein zentrales klinisches, psychopathologisches
Merkmal von Patienten dar, die an depressiven Episoden im Rahmen affektiver Störungen
leiden, und sind relevant für Differenzialdiagnose und -therapie. Gangveränderungen
sind beim Morbus Parkinson gut untersucht und bei depressiven Patienten häufig auftretende,
klinisch beobachtbare Phänomene. Es soll daher ein Überblick über pathophysiologische
Grundlagen, Möglichkeiten der instrumentellen Erfassung und empirische Befunde bei
Patienten mit depressiven Störungen gegeben werden. Methodik: Recherchiert wurden Informationsmaterial der Hersteller, Monografien und Veröffentlichungen
in Medline, PubMed, Excerpta Medica und PsychLIT. Die Befunde zu Pathophysiologie,
Messmethodik, Diagnostik und Verlauf werden unter klinischen und wissenschaftlichen
Gesichtspunkten diskutiert. Ergebnisse: Gangbewegungen unterliegen der Steuerung kortikaler und subkortikaler Mechanismen,
wobei die genaue kinematische Analyse der Regulationsmechanismen Hinweise auf Störungen
zentralnervöser Bewegungsprogramme liefert. Methodisch stehen Videographie, Ultraschall,
opto-elektronische und andere Methoden zur Verfügung. Empirisch liegen viele Befunde
zum Morbus Parkinson und nur wenige quantitative Befunde bei depressiven Patienten
vor. Diese zeigen signifikante Unterschiede zu gesunden Kontrollen und deuten auf
gestörte Basalganglienfunktionen hin. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Analyse von Gangveränderungen mit moderner Technologie liefert Hinweise auf zentralnervöse
Dysfunktionen. Empirisch nachgewiesene Gangveränderungen bei depressiven Patienten
sollten hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung als Residualsymptome für den Verlauf und als
Prädiktoren von Therapieeffekten untersucht werden. Möglicherweise sind durch Nachweis
motorischer Auffälligkeiten depressive Patienten mit erhöhtem Risiko für eine sich
später manifestierende Parkinson-Erkrankung zu identifizieren.
Abstract
Background: Behavioral disturbances of patients with major depression manifest in various motor
domains and are relevant for differential diagnosis, therapeutic interventions, as
residual symptoms and possibly early manifestation of Parkinson's disease. Alterations
of gait as the main component of locomotion are a clinically well-known motor phenomenon
of depressed patients. Therefore, pathophysiology of gait disturbances, different
methods to analyze gait and empirical findings in patients with major depression are
summarized. Methods: The current literature was examined including information of manufacturers, Medline,
PubMed, PsychLIT and Excerpta Medica. Findings in healthy subjects, in Parkinson's
disease, and in major depression are discussed in detail regarding specificity and
clinical relevance. Results: Kinematic analysis of gait regulation by videography, ultrasound, opto-electronic
measures reveals information about disturbances in central nervous motor programming.
Only few studies exist about quantitative data of gait alterations in patients with
major depression. Results indicate disturbances in functions of the basal ganglia.
Conclusions: Analysis of gait using modern technology yields information about cortical and subcortical
dysfunctions. Empirical findings in major depression need further investigation regarding
their relevance as residual symptoms, as response predictors, and as risk factors
for manifestation of Parkinson's disease.
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Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. M. R. Lemke
Rheinische Kliniken
Kaiser-Karl-Ring 20
53111 Bonn
eMail: mr.lemke@lvr.de