Zusammenfassung
Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, Art, Ausmaß und Konsequenzen von Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen
bei Patienten mit Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung anhand der bestehenden Literatur
zu analysieren. Die klinische Relevanz solcher Phänomene bei der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung
wird erläutert und eine Verbindung zwischen theoretischen Modellen, empirischer Forschung
und therapeutischen Interventionen gezogen.
Diese Verbindung wird anhand von Studien aufgezeigt, die einen Zusammenhang zwischen
der Borderline-Pathologie und affektiven Störungen, Angststörungen sowie Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen
nahe legen sowie Hinweise auf neuropsychologische Auffälligkeiten bei Patienten mit
einer Borderline-Störung geben. Drei theoretische Modelle zur Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung
und ihre möglichen Verbindungen zu Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen werden vergleichend
dargestellt.
Der dialektisch-behaviorale Ansatz postuliert bei den Patienten mit Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung
eine ausgeprägte Einengung der Aufmerksamkeit auf emotionsrelevante Reize im Zusammenhang
mit Störungen der Affektregulation. Der kognitive Ansatz geht davon aus, dass starre
dysfunktionale Schemata einen kognitiv-emotionalen Kreislauf in Gang setzen, in dem
es zu einer voreingenommenen Wahrnehmung und Erinnerung kommt, die zu einer weiteren
Verstärkung der Symptomatik beiträgt. Zuletzt wird unter dem Trauma-Ansatz auf Zusammenhänge
zwischen der Borderline-Pathologie und den oftmals anhaltenden und mehrfachen Traumatisierungen
unter Rückgriff auf Theorien zu Aufmerksamkeitseinengung bei traumatisierten Patienten
hingewiesen.
Vorläufige empirische Befunde legen nahe, dass die Patienten eine allgemeine und keine
spezifische selektive Aufmerksamkeit auf negative emotionale Reize zeigen. Weiterführende
Forschungsanstrengungen könnten klären, ob Interventionen zur Veränderung von Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen
eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zu etablierten Behandlungsmodellen bei Borderline-Patienten
darstellen könnten.
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to analyse nature, degree and consequences of attentional
biases in patients with borderline personality disorder based on existing literature.
The clinical importance of these phenomena in patients with borderline personality
disorder is strengthened and the link between theoretical models, empirical findings
and therapeutic interventions is elaborated.
This link between selective attention and borderline personality disorder is demonstrated
on the basis of studies, which indicate a context between borderline pathology, affective
disorders, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders and also
give evidence to neuropsychological deficits in patients with borderline personality
disorder. The present article comparatively describes three theoretical models of
borderline personality disorder and their possible links to attentional biases.
The dialectical behavior approach postulates a pronounced attentional narrowing to
emotional stimuli in connection with deficits regarding affect regulation. The cognitive
approach assumes that rigid dysfunctional schemata initiate a cognitive-emotional
circuit, which leads to a reinforcement of the symptomatology as a result of a biased
perception and memory. Additionally the present article specifies the trauma approach
which emphazises the relation between borderline pathology and childhood trauma with
recourse to theories of attentional biases in patients with traumatic experiences.
Preliminary empiricial findings suggest that patients with borderline personality
disorder demonstrate a general attentional bias for any emotional negative stimuli
and not a selective attentional bias to borderline-specific stimuli. Further studies
should clarify, whether therapeutical interventions with the aim to influence attentional
processes represent a useful complement to established therapies in patients with
borderline personality disorder.
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Dipl. Psych. Ina-Alexandra v. Ceumern-Lindenstjerna
Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität Heidelberg Abteilung Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
Blumenstraße 8
69115 Heidelberg
Email: ina_ceumern@med.uni-heidelberg.de