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Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2002; 70(6): 321-330
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-32027
Originalarbeit
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

Borderline-Störung und Verzerrungen der Aufmerksamkeit

Theoretische Modelle und empirische BefundeBorderline Personality Disorder and Attentional Biases Theoretical Models and Empirical findings I.-A.  v. Ceumern-Lindenstjerna1 , R.  Brunner1 , P.  Parzer1 , P.  Fiedler2 , F.  Resch1
  • 1Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität Heidelberg, Abteilung Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie (Direktor: Prof. Dr. med. F. Resch)
  • 2Institut für Psychologie der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Abteilung Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie
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Publication History

Publication Date:
04 June 2002 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, Art, Ausmaß und Konsequenzen von Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen bei Patienten mit Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung anhand der bestehenden Literatur zu analysieren. Die klinische Relevanz solcher Phänomene bei der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung wird erläutert und eine Verbindung zwischen theoretischen Modellen, empirischer Forschung und therapeutischen Interventionen gezogen.

Diese Verbindung wird anhand von Studien aufgezeigt, die einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Borderline-Pathologie und affektiven Störungen, Angststörungen sowie Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen nahe legen sowie Hinweise auf neuropsychologische Auffälligkeiten bei Patienten mit einer Borderline-Störung geben. Drei theoretische Modelle zur Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung und ihre möglichen Verbindungen zu Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen werden vergleichend dargestellt.

Der dialektisch-behaviorale Ansatz postuliert bei den Patienten mit Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung eine ausgeprägte Einengung der Aufmerksamkeit auf emotionsrelevante Reize im Zusammenhang mit Störungen der Affektregulation. Der kognitive Ansatz geht davon aus, dass starre dysfunktionale Schemata einen kognitiv-emotionalen Kreislauf in Gang setzen, in dem es zu einer voreingenommenen Wahrnehmung und Erinnerung kommt, die zu einer weiteren Verstärkung der Symptomatik beiträgt. Zuletzt wird unter dem Trauma-Ansatz auf Zusammenhänge zwischen der Borderline-Pathologie und den oftmals anhaltenden und mehrfachen Traumatisierungen unter Rückgriff auf Theorien zu Aufmerksamkeitseinengung bei traumatisierten Patienten hingewiesen.

Vorläufige empirische Befunde legen nahe, dass die Patienten eine allgemeine und keine spezifische selektive Aufmerksamkeit auf negative emotionale Reize zeigen. Weiterführende Forschungsanstrengungen könnten klären, ob Interventionen zur Veränderung von Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zu etablierten Behandlungsmodellen bei Borderline-Patienten darstellen könnten.

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to analyse nature, degree and consequences of attentional biases in patients with borderline personality disorder based on existing literature. The clinical importance of these phenomena in patients with borderline personality disorder is strengthened and the link between theoretical models, empirical findings and therapeutic interventions is elaborated.

This link between selective attention and borderline personality disorder is demonstrated on the basis of studies, which indicate a context between borderline pathology, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders and also give evidence to neuropsychological deficits in patients with borderline personality disorder. The present article comparatively describes three theoretical models of borderline personality disorder and their possible links to attentional biases.

The dialectical behavior approach postulates a pronounced attentional narrowing to emotional stimuli in connection with deficits regarding affect regulation. The cognitive approach assumes that rigid dysfunctional schemata initiate a cognitive-emotional circuit, which leads to a reinforcement of the symptomatology as a result of a biased perception and memory. Additionally the present article specifies the trauma approach which emphazises the relation between borderline pathology and childhood trauma with recourse to theories of attentional biases in patients with traumatic experiences.

Preliminary empiricial findings suggest that patients with borderline personality disorder demonstrate a general attentional bias for any emotional negative stimuli and not a selective attentional bias to borderline-specific stimuli. Further studies should clarify, whether therapeutical interventions with the aim to influence attentional processes represent a useful complement to established therapies in patients with borderline personality disorder.

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Dipl. Psych. Ina-Alexandra v. Ceumern-Lindenstjerna

Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität Heidelberg
Abteilung Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie

Blumenstraße 8

69115 Heidelberg

Email: ina_ceumern@med.uni-heidelberg.de

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