Zusammenfassung
Die Elimination deponierter Partikel (anorganische und organische Partikeln, Bakterien,
Viren) aus der Lungenperipherie (alveolare Clearance) erfolgt durch Phagozytose, Alveolarmakrophagen,
intrazellulären Abbau (Digestion), Migration und Translokation. Die alveolare Clearance
schwer löslicher Partikeln verläuft sehr langsam und ist primär an die Funktion der
Alveolarmakrophagen geknüpft. Der Transport der Partikel zum Bronchialsystem ist beim
Menschen von untergeordneter Bedeutung, so dass die Elimination der Partikeln vornehmlich
durch Digestion (Lösung) innerhalb der Makrophagen bestimmt wird. Wenn keine Metabolisierung
des gelösten Materials im Körper stattfindet, erfolgt die Ausscheidung aus dem Körper
über den Urin. Die Pathophysiologie der alveolaren Clearance kann mittels Magnetopneumographie
über einen langen Zeitraum untersucht werden. Dazu werden ferromagnetische Magnetit-Testpartikel
durch kontrollierte Inhalation in der Lungenperipherie abgelagert. Nach der Magnetisierung
und Ausrichtung in einem starken externen Magnetfeldpuls kann die Menge der retinierten
Partikel mit einem empfindlichen supraleitenden Magnetfeldsensor (SQUID, superconducting
quantum interference device) erfasst werden. Lange andauernder Zigarettenrauchkonsum
und chronische Entzündungen in der Lungenperipherie (Sarkoidose, interstitielle Lungenfibrose)
führen zu einer signifikanten Verminderung der alveolaren Clearance. Patienten mit
chronischer Bronchitis zeigen hingegen nur eine geringe Beeinträchtigung der alveolaren
Clearance.
Abstract
The elimination of deposited particles (inorganic and organic particles, bacteria,
viruses) from the periphery of the human lung (alveolar clearance) implies phagocytosis
by alveolar macrophages, intracellular digestion, migration and translocation. Alveolar
clearance of poorly soluble particles happens very slowly and primarily depends on
the function of alveolar macrophages. In humans, the transport of particles to the
bronchial tree is of secondary relevance, suggesting that the elimination of particles
primarily depends on digestion (dissolution) processes within macrophages. The dissolved
material is excreted via urine, if there is no further metabolization within the body.
The pathophysiology of the alveolar clearance mechanisms in the human lung can be
studied by a magnetic tracer technique (magnetopneumography). Ferromagnetic magnetite
test-particles are deposited in the periphery of the lung by controlled inhalation.
After magnetization and particle alignment in a strong external magnetic field pulse,
the amount of retained particles can be detected by a sensitive magnetic field sensor
(SQUID, superconducting quantum interference device). Long lasting cigarette smoking
and chronic lung inflammations (sarcoidosis, interstitial lung fibrosis) induce a
significant impairment of alveolar clearance capacity, while patients with chronic
bronchitis show only a moderate impairment of alveolar clearance.
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Dr. W. Möller
GSF - Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit · Institut für Inhalationsbiologie
Robert Koch Allee 29
82131 Gauting
Email: moeller@gsf.de