Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2002; 23(8): 588-594
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-35531
Training & Testing

© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

Psychobiologic Responses to 4 Days of Increased Training and Recovery in Cyclists

E.  Filaire1 , B.  Legrand1 , K.  Bret1 , M.  Sagnol1 , J.  M.  Cottet-Emard2 , J.  M.  Pequignot3
  • 1CRIS, UFRSTAPS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France
  • 2Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Environnement. Faculte de Medecine Grange-Blanche Lyon I, France
  • 3UMR CNRS Physiologie Faculte de Medecine Grange-Blanche Lyon I, France
Further Information

Publication History



Accepted after revision: March 25, 2002

Publication Date:
19 November 2002 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The psychobiologic status of cyclists after 4 days of training and the kinetics of recovery were assessed by measuring the sympatho-adrenal level, the central noradrenergic activity and the cortisol/testosterone status by non-invasive methods. For this purpose, urinary excretion of methoxyamines (metanephrine [MN], normetanephrine [NMN]), which are metabolites of circulating catecholamines, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol sulfate (MHPG-S), a metabolite of brain norepinephrine, and salivary output of cortisol and testosterone were measured in twelve national cyclists (aged 19.5 ± 4.5 years), just before (T1) and at the end of the training (T2), and during the three following recovery days (R1, R2, R3). Urinary and salivary samples were also collected during a period of relative rest, in order to get reference values (T0). At T0, T1 and T2, mood states, as measured by the Profile of Mood States, and rating of perceived muscle soreness were assessed. The overall mood and muscle soreness levels were not affected by the training. The load increased by 187 % as an average between the first and the fourth day of training. A significant increase in NMN levels and a decrease in T:F ratio were observed at T2, while MHPG-S excretion remained unchanged. Persistent high urinary output of NMN and MN were observed during the post-training recovery period for 24 h (R1) and 48 h (R2), respectively. After 72 h of recovery (R3), MN levels had returned to baseline while NMN output was lower than the control level. T:F values returned to their control levels within 48 h of recovery. The strenuous training seems to induce an alteration in peripheral neuro-endocrine parameters without modifications of central factors. The hormonal status remained altered for at least 1 day of post-training recovery and seemed to be achieved within 3 days.

Key words

Sympatho-adrenal system - MHPG - steroid - mood - muscle soreness

References

  • 1 Adlercreutz H, Härkönen M, Kuoppasalmi K, Näveri H, Huhtaniemi I, Tikkanen H, Remes K, Dessypris A, Karvonen J. Effect of training on plasma anabolic and catabolic steroid hormones and their response during physical exercise.  Int J Sports Med. 1986;  7 27-28
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Arbogast S. Mécanismes d'activation des afférences musculaires du groupe IV; effet de l'hypoxémie et rôle du NO endogène. Thèse. Faculté de Marseille 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Bahr R, Ingnes I, Vaage O, Sejersted O, Newsholme E. Effect of duration of exercise on excess postexercise O2 consumption.  J Appl Physiol. 1987;  62 485-490
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Banister E W, Hamilton C L. Variation in iron status with fatigue modelled from training in female distance runners.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1985;  54 16-23
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Candau R, Busso T, Lacour J R. Effects of training on iron status in cross-country skiers.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1992;  64 497-502
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Conlee R K, Hickson R C, Winder W W, Hagberg J M, Holloszy J O. Regulation of glycogen resynthesis in muscles of rats following exercise.  Am J Physiol. 1978;  253 R145-R150
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Cumming D C, Quigley M E, Yen S SC. Acute suppression of circulating testosterone levels by cortisol in men.  J Clin Endocrin Metab. 1983;  57 671-673
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Dishman R K. Brain monoamines, exercise, and behavioral stress: animal models.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;  29 63-74
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Durnin J VGA, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years.  Br J Nutr. 1974;  32 77-97
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Filaire E, Bernain X, Sagnol M, Lac G. Preliminary results on mood state, salivary Testosterone:Cortisol ratio and team performance in a professional soccer team.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;  86 179-184
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Fry R W, Lawrence S R, Morton A R, Schreiner A B, Polglaze T D, Keast D. Monitoring training stress in endurance sports using biological parameters.  Clin J Sport Med. 1993;  3 6-13
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Hale T, Armstrong N, Hardman A, Jakeman P, Sharp C, Winter E. Position Statement on the Physiological Assessment of the Elite Competitor. Leeds; British Association of Sports Sciences 1988 2nd ed.
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Hirvonen J, Rehunen S, Rusko H, Härkönen M. Breakdown of high energy phosphate compounds and lactate accumulation during short supramaximal exercise.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1991;  70 1337-1343
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Hoogeveen A R, Zonderland M L. Relationships between testosterone, cortisol and performance in professional cyclists.  Int J Sports Med. 1996;  17 423-428
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Hooper S L, Mackinnon L T, Gordon R D, Bachmann A. Hormonal responses of elite swimmers to overtraining.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;  25 741-747
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Hooper S L, Mackinnon L T, Howard A. Physiological and psychometric variables for monitoring recovery during tapering for major competition.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;  31 1205-1210
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Knöpfli B, Calvert R, Bar-Or O, Villiger B, von Duvillard S. Competition performance and basal nocturnal catecholamine excretion in cross-country skiers.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;  7 1228-1232
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Lac G, Lac N, Robert A. Steroid assays in saliva: a method to detect plasmatic contaminations.  Arch Physiol Biochem Biophys. 1993;  101 257-262
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Lac G, Berthon P. Changes in cortisol and testosterone levels and T/C ratio during an endurance competition and recovery.  J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2000;  40 139-144
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Lehmann M, Baumgartl C, Wiesenack C, Seidel A, Baumann H, Fischer S, Spori U, Gendrisch G, Kaminski R, Keul J. Training-overtraining. Influence of a defined increase in training volume vs training intensity on performance, catecholamines and some metabolic parameters in experienced middle-and long-distance runners.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1992;  64 169-177
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Lehmann M, Foster C, Dickhuth H H, Gastmann U. Autonomic imbalance hypothesis and overtraining syndrome.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;  30 1140-1145
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Misukov M S, Galimov S D. Etudes sur le système sympato-adrénergique pour l'évaluation de l'état fonctionnel des tireurs de haut niveau.  Theorijica Praktica Fiziceskov Kultury. 1981;  3 20-23
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Morgan W P, Brown D R, Raglin J S, O'Connor P J, Ellickson K A. Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness.  Br J Sports Med. 1987;  21 107-114
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Mc N air, Lorr M, Droppleman L F. Profile of Mood States Manual. San Diego, CA; Educational and Industrial Testing Service 1971
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Negrao A B, Deuster P A, Gold P A, Singh A, Chrousos G P. Individual reactivity and physiology of the stress response.  Biomed and Pharmacother. 2000;  54 122-128
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Norman T R, Judd F K, Burrows G D. Catecholamines and anxiety. In: Burrows GD, Roth M, Noyes R (eds) Handbook of Anxiety. The neurobiology of Anxiety. Amsterdam; Elsevier 1990 3: 223-241
    Google Scholar
  • 27 O'Connor P J, Morgan W P, Raglin J S, Barksdale C, Kalin N. Mood state and salivary cortisol levels following overtraining in female swimmers.  Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1989;  14 303-310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 O'Connor P J, Morgan W P, Raglin J S. Psychobiologic effects of 3d of increased training in female and male swimmers.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;  23 1055-1061
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Pagliari R, Cottet-Emard J M, Peyrin L. Determination of free and conjugated normetanephrine and metanephrine in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.  J Chrom Biomed Appl. 1991;  563 23-26
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Pequignot J M, Peyrin L, Mayet M H, Flandrois R. Metabolic adrenergic changes during submaximal exercise and in the recovery period in man.  J Appl Physiol. 1979;  47 701-705
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Peyrin L, Pequignot J M. Free and conjugated 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in human urine: peripheral origin of glucoronide.  Psychopharmacology. 1983;  79 16-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Peyrin L, Pequignot J M, Lacour J R, Fourcade J. Relationships between catecholamine or 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol changes and the mental performance under submaximal exercise in man.  Psychopharmacology. 1987;  93 188-192
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Ronsen O, Haug E, Klarlund B, Bahr R. Increased neuroendocrine response to a repeated bout of endurance exercise.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;  33 568-575
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Rosell S, Ballard K. Adrenergic neurohumoral control of lipolysis in adipose tissue.  Adv Exp Med Biol. 1971;  11 111-125
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Sagnol M, Claustre J, Cottet Emard JM, Pequignot J M, Fellman N, Coudert J, Peyrin L. Plasma free and sulfated catecholamines after ultra-long exercise and recovery.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1990;  60 91-97
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Sagnol M, Pequignot J M, Peyrin L. Rôle des catécholamines dans la mobilisation des substrats énergétiques pendant l'exercice et la récupération.  Science Motricité. 1995;  25 36-46
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Steinacker J M, Laske R, Hetzel W D, Lormes W, Liu Y, Stauch M. Metabolic and hormonal reactions during training in junior oarsmen.  Int J Sports Med. 1993;  14 S24-S28
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Strobel G, Reiss J, Friedman B, Bärtsch P. Effect of repeated bouts of short-term exercise on plasma free and sulphoconjugated catecholamines in humans.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1998;  79 82-87
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Tilidus P M, Ianuzzo C D. Effects of intensity and duration of muscular exercise on delayed soreness and serum enzyme activities.  Med Sci Sports. Exerc1983;  15 461-465
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Uusitalo A LT, Huttunen P, Hanin Y, Uusitalo A J, Rusko H K. Hormonal responses to endurance training and overtraining in female athletes.  Clin J Sport Med. 1998;  8 178-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Vervoorn C, Quist A M, Erich W BM, Thijsesen J HH. The behaviour of the plasma free testosterone/cortisol ratio during a season of elite training.  Int J Sports Med. 1991;  12 257-263
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar

F. E. Cris

Laboratoire de la Performance · UFRSTAPS Lyon I

Campus de la Doua · 27-29 Bld du 11 Novembre 1918 · 69622 Villeurbanne · France

Email: filaire@nat.fr

      >