Zusammenfassung
Pathophysiologisch liegen der pulmonalen Hypertonie (PHT) im Wesentlichen vier Veränderungen
des Lungengefäßsystems zugrunde: 1. Vasokonstriktion, 2. Gefäßrarefizierung, 3. reduzierte
Gefäßelastizität und 4. Obliteration des Gefäßlumens (thrombotisches Material) mit
sekundärem zellulären Umbau der Gefäßwände (vaskuläres Remodelling). Konsequenz der
resultierenden Druck- und Widerstandserhöhung ist die Überlastung des rechten Ventrikels
(chronisches Rechtsherzversagen). Ziel der neueren Interventionsstrategien ist erstens:
die Aufhebung des dauerhaft erhöhten Vasotonus durch Relaxation der glatten Gefäßmuskulatur
(Vasorelaxanzien), zweitens: eine langfristige Antagonisierung des strukturellen Gefäßumbaus
(vaskuläres Remodelling) und drittens: die Verhinderung einer primär oder sekundär
eintretenden thrombotisch bedingten Obliteration (Embolie, in situ Thrombose). Bisher
werden vornehmlich hochdosierte Kalziumantagonisten (jedoch nur in 10 - 15 % der Fälle
anwendbar), vasodilatative Prostanoide (z. B. Prostazyklin, Iloprost) sowie der kürzlich
für die Behandlung der pulmonalarteriellen Hypertonie zugelassene unselektive Endothelinantagonist
Bosentan therapeutisch eingesetzt. Die Anwendbarkeit ist durch die zum Teil gravierenden
Nebenwirkungen und/oder aufwändigen parenteralen Applikationsformen eingeschränkt.
Neuere Daten weisen auf eine starke, pulmonal vasodilatative Potenz des selektiven
Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitors Sildenafil hin. Klinische Studien mit kleinen
Fallzahlen sowie zahlreiche Einzelfallberichte unterstreichen die gute Verträglichkeit
dieser oral applizierbaren Substanz bei verschiedenen Formen der PHT. Aufgrund der
bisherigen ermutigenden Ergebnisse, der einfachen Verfügbarkeit des Medikamentes und
des im Verhältnis zu den etablierten Therapien günstigen Preises wird Sildenafil bereits
zur Therapie der PHT im so genannten „off-label use” verwendet. Vor einer generellen
Empfehlung sollten die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit dieses neuen Therapieansatzes jedoch
durch kontrollierte Studien bestätigt werden.
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is mainly explained by four underlying pathophysiological
phenomena: 1. Vasoconstriction, 2. reduction of pulmonary vascular bed, 3. reduction
in vessel elasticity, and 4. obliteration of the vessel lumen by thrombotic material
and subsequent cellular alterations of the vessel wall (vascular remodeling). Chronic
right heart load is thus a consequence of increased pulmonary pressure and vascular
resistance. Main targets of advanced therapeutic strategies are therefore first: resolution
of chronically increased vascular tone by smooth muscle cell relaxation (vasodilators),
second: reversal of vascular remodeling and third: prevention from pulmonary embolization
and/or in-situ thrombosis (chronic anticoagulation). Long term administration of high
dose calcium channel blockers (though operative only in a minority of 10 - 15 % of
all patients), prostanoids (eg. prostacyclin, iloprost), and the recently approved
unselective oral endothelin antagonist bosentan are regarded as established medical
therapies for treatment of chronic PHT. However, applicability of these substances
can be limited by potentially serious adverse events and/or necessity for elaborate
parenteral application. Recent data are indicative for a strong pulmonary vasodilative
potency of the selective phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor sildenafil. Smaller
clinical studies and numerous case reports underline the good tolerability of this
orally applied substance in various form of PHT. Based on these encouraging results,
the simple availability, and the low costs (in comparison to “established therapies”)
of the drug, sildenafil is currently widely used in an “off-label” indication for
treatment of PHT. Controlled randomized studies have to confirm the current findings,
before general recommendations regarding the use of sildenafil for treatment of PHT
can be made.
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Prof. Dr. Dr. F. Grimminger
Medizinische Klinik II
Klinikstr. 36
35392 Gießen
Email: friedrich.grimminger@innere.med.uni-giessen.de