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DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-35641
Differenzialdiagnose des idiopathischen Kammerflimmerns
Differential diagnosis of idiopathic ventricular fibrillationPublikationsverlauf
eingereicht: 26.3.2002
akzeptiert: 8.8.2002
Publikationsdatum:
21. November 2002 (online)

Der plötzliche Herztod stellt trotz der zuletzt erreichten Fortschritte in der Primär- und Sekundärprävention immer noch eine große medizinische Herausforderung dar. Hauptursache sind tachykarde ventrikuläre Arrhythmien (Kammerflimmern oder Kammertachykardien). Nur bei etwa einem Fünftel der Fälle liegt eine bradykarde Arrhythmie zugrunde [29]. Die meisten der betroffenen Patienten leiden an einer koronaren Herzkrankheit; nicht selten handelt es sich um die Erstmanifestation dieser Erkrankung im Rahmen eines Myokardinfarktes. Bei 5 - 10 % der Fälle von überlebtem Kammerflimmern lässt sich jedoch keine zugrundeliegende strukturelle Herzerkrankung erfassen. In diesen Fällen wurde früher allgemein von einem „idiopathischen Kammerflimmern” gesprochen. Heute können hier oft allein bereits mit Hilfe der einfach verfügbaren EKG-Diagnostik eigenständige Erkrankungen abgegrenzt werden. Da es sich bei den betroffenen Patienten nicht selten um junge und bisher völlig gesunde Personen handelt, erwächst der Differenzialdiagnose des „idiopathischen Kammerflimmerns” eine besondere Bedeutung.
Die Aufarbeitung eines überlebten plötzlichen Herztodes durch tachykarde ventrikuläre Arrhythmien erfordert zunächst eine umfassende klinische und apparative Diagnostik. Dabei sollte vor allem nach dem Vorliegen einer koronaren Herzerkrankung, einer dilatativen oder hypertrophen Kardiomyopathie, einer arrhythmogenen rechtsventrikulären Dysplasie, hämodynamisch relevanten Vitien, einer Myokarditis, Koronarspasmen oder einem Präexzitationssyndrom gesucht werden [13] [29]. Gegenstand dieser Übersicht sind Krankheitsbilder, die differenzialdiagnostisch bei Patienten mit einem überlebten Kammerflimmern ohne Nachweis einer strukturellen Herzerkrankung in Betracht gezogen werden müssen. Diese wurden zum Teil erst in der jüngeren Vergangenheit beschrieben.
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Dr. Axel Buob
Medizinische Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik, Innere
Medizin III, Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes
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