Download PDF
Semin Neurol 2002; 22(2): 105-122
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-36534
Copyright © 2002 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Tel.: +1(212) 584-4662

Neuromyelitis Optica

Bruce A.C. Cree, Douglas S. Goodin, Stephen L. Hauser
  • Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
13 January 2003 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Whether neuromyelitis optica (NMO), the co-occurrence of myelitis and optic neuritis, is a variant of multiple sclerosis (MS) or a unique disease is controversial. Distinct neuropathological features and a fulminant clinical course argue in favor of NMO as a distinct disease. However, the combination of neurological impairments of myelitis and optic neuritis occurs in patients with several inflammatory disorders, including multiple sclerosis and collagen vascular diseases. NMO is also associated with certain infectious diseases. The fact that the NMO phenotype occurs in a variety of disease states suggests that NMO does not represent a specific clinical entity. To better understand NMO and its associations with recognized diseases, a systematic review of the literature using MEDLINE was conducted. The history of NMO, its nosology, associations with other diseases, and current concepts of its pathogenesis and treatment is reviewed in this article.

KEYWORDS

Neuromyelitis optica - optic neuritis - myelitis - multiple sclerosis - Devic's disease

REFERENCES

  • 1 Allbutt T C. On the ophthalmoscopic signs of spinal disease.  Lancet . 1870;  1 76-68
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Erb W. Über das Zusammenkommen von Neuritis optica und Myelitis subacute.  Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1879-. 1880;  1 146-157
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Steffan P. Beitrag zur Lehre des Zusammenhanges der Erkrankungen der Sehnerven mit denen des Rückenmarkes.  Opthalmol Gesellschaft (Heidelberg) . 1879;  12 90
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Seguin E C. On the coincidence of optic neuritis and subacute transverse myelitis.  J Nerv Ment Dis . 1880;  7 177-188
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Noyes H D. Acute myelitis mit doppelseitiger Neuritis optica.  Arch F Augenheilk. 1881;  331
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Dreschfeld J. Acute myelitis associated with optic neuritis.  Lancet . 1882;  1 8-53
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Chisolm J J. An obscure case in nerve pathology accompanying optic neuritis.  Arch Ophthalmol . 1882;  11 239
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Rumpf T. Zur Wirkung des faradischen Pinsels bei einem Fall von Neuritis optica und Myelitis transversa.  Deutsch Med Wochenschr . 1882;  7 442
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Achard C, Guinon L. Sur un cas de myélite aiguë diffuse avec double névrite optique.  Arch Med Exp . 1889;  1 696
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Gault F. De la neuromyélite optique aiguë [doctoral thesis]. Lyons, France: 1894
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Devic E. Myélite subaiguë compliquée de névrite optique.  Bull Med (Paris) . 1894;  8 1033-1034
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Devic E. Myelite aigue dorse-lombaire avec névrite optique, autopsie. Congrès français de méd.  Première Session (Lyon) . 1895;  1 434-439
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Goulden C. Optic neuritis and myelitis.  Opthalmol Rev . 1914;  34 193-209
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Beck G M. A case of diffuse myelitis associated with optic neuritis.  Brain . 1927;  50 687-703
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Stansbury F C. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease): presentation of five cases with pathologic study, and review of the literature.  Arch Ophthalmol . 1949;  42 292-501
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Peters G. Neuromyelitis optica. In: Lubarsche O, Henke F, Rossle R, eds. Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, Bd XIII. IIA: Erkrankungen des zentralen Nerven Systems. Berlin: Springer 1958: 630-644
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Ferraro A. Primary demyelinating processes of the central nervous system: an attempt at unification and classification.  Arch Neurol Psychiat (Chicago) . 1937;  37 1100-1160
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Putnam T J, Forster F M. Neuromyelitis optica: its relation to multiple sclerosis.  Trans Am Neurol Assoc . 1942;  68 20-25
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Dreschfeld J. Acute disseminated myelitis.  Br Med J. 1894;  1174-1177
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Hassin G B. Neuroptica myelitis versus multiple sclerosis: a pathologic study [abstract].  Arch Neurol Psychiat (Chicago) . 1937;  37 1083-1099
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Lowenberg K, DeJong R N, Foster D B. Neuromyelitis optica: its relations to progressive necrosis of the spinal cord and acute multiple sclerosis [abstract].  Trans Am Neurol Assoc . 1947;  67 50-66
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Walsh F B. Neuromyelitis optica: anatomical-pathological study of one case; clinical studies of three additional cases [abstract].  Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp . 1935;  56 183-210
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Miller H G, Evans M J. Prognosis in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: with a note on neuromyelitis optica [abstract].  Q J Med . 1953;  22 347-379
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Shibasaki H, McDonald W I, Kuroiwa Y. Racial modification of clinical picture of multiple sclerosis: comparison between British and Japanese patients.  J Neurol Sci . 1981;  49 253-271
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Pálffy G. Multiple sclerosis in Hungary, including the Gypsy. In: Kuroiwa Y, Kurland LT, eds. Multiple Sclerosis, East and West Fukuoka: Kyushu University Press 1982: 149-158
    Google Scholar
  • 26 O'Riordan J I, Gallagher H L, Thompson A J. Clinical, CSF, and MRI findings in Devic's neuromyelitis optica.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1996;  60 382-387
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Mandler R N, Davis L E, Jeffery D R, Kornfeld M. Devic's neuromyelitis optica: a clinicopathological study of 8 patients.  Ann Neurol . 1993;  34 162-168
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Filippi M, Rocca M A, Moiola L. MRI and magnetization transfer imaging changes in the brain and cervical cord of patients with Devic's neuromyelitis optica.  Neurology . 1999;  53 1705-1710
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Wingerchuk D M, Hogancamp W F, O'Brien P C, Weinshenker B G. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome).  Neurology . 1999;  53 1107-1114
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Cabre P, Heinzlef O, Merle H. MS and neuromyelitis optica in Martinique (French West Indies).  Neurology . 2001;  56 507-514
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 de Seze J, Stojkovic T, Ferriby D. Devic's neuromyelitis optica: clinical, laboratory, MRI and outcome profile.  J Neurol Sci . 2002;  197 57-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Jeffery A R, Buncic J R. Pediatric Devic's neuromyelitis optica.  J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus . 1996;  33 223-229
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Filley C M, Sternberg P E, Norenberg M D. Neuromyelitis optica in the elderly.  Arch Neurol . 1984;  41 670-672
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Ghezzi M, Giansanti M, Malentacchi G M, Barontini F. Neuromyelitis optica in the old age: a clinico-pathological contribution.  Ital J Neurol Sci . 1987;  8 613-616
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Barbieri F, Buscaino G A. Neuromyelitis optica in the elderly.  Acta Neurol (Napoli) . 1989;  11 247-251
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Staugaitis S M, Roberts J K, Sacco R L, Miller J R, Dwork A J. Devic type multiple sclerosis in an 81 year old woman.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1998;  64 417-418
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Cloys D E, Netzky M G. Neuromyelitis optica. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, eds. Handbook of Clinical Neurology Vol. 9: Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases. Amsterdam: North-Holland 1970: 426-436
    Google Scholar
  • 38 McAlpine D. Familial neuromyelitis optica: its occurence in identical twins.  Brain . 1938;  61 430-448
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Ch'ien L T, Medeiros M O, Belluomini J J, Lemmi H, Whitaker J N. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) in two sisters.  Clin Electroencephalogr . 1982;  13 36-39
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Yamakawa K, Kuroda H, Fujihara K. Familial neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) with late onset in Japan.  Neurology . 2000;  55 318-320
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Kalra A, Kalra K, Agarwal M C, Mittal R. Neuromyelitis optica.  Indian Pediatr . 1986;  23 228-229
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Breukelman A J, Polman C H, de Slegte G R, Koetsier J C. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome): not always multiple sclerosis.  Clin Neurol Neurosurg . 1988;  90 357-360
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Parkin P J, Hierons R, McDonald W I. Bilateral optic neuritis: a long-term follow-up.  Brain . 1984;  107 951-964
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Balser B H. Neuromyelitis optica.  Brain . 1936;  59 353-365
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Field H B. A case of neuomyelitis optica.  Ill Med J . 1961;  119 362-367
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Kohut H, Richter R B. Neuro-optic myelitis: a clinicopathological study of two related cases [abstract].  J Nerv Ment Dis . 1945;  101 99-114
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Kuroiwa Y, Shibasaki H. Painful tonic seizure in multiple sclerosis treatment with diphenylhydantoin and carbamazepine.  Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn . 1968;  22 107-119
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Shibasaki H, Kuroiwa Y. Painful tonic seizure in multiple sclerosis.  Arch Neurol . 1974;  30 47-51
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Popow N A. Neuromyelitis optica: its relation to multiple sclerosis.  Dtsch Z Nervenheilk . 1935;  135 142-147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Keefe R J. Neuromyelitis optica with increased intracranial pressure.  Arch Ophthal . 1957;  57 110-111
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Tashiro K, Ito K, Maruo Y. MR imaging of spinal cord in Devic disease.  J Comput Assist Tomogr . 1987;  11 516-517
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Fazekas F, Offenbacher H, Schmidt R, Strasser-Fuchs S. MRI of neuromyelitis optica: evidence for a distinct entity.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1994;  57 1140-1142
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Roberson F C, Ghatak N R, Young H F. Myelopathy presenting as an intrinsic spinal cord tumor.  Surg Neurol . 1978;  9 317-321
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Barkhof F, Scheltens P, Valk J, Waalewijn C, Uitdehaag B M, Polman C H. Serial quantitative MR assessment of optic neuritis in a case of neuromyelitis optica, using Gadolinium-''enhanced'' STIR imaging.  Neuroradiology . 1991;  33 70-71
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Okinaka S, McAlpine D, Miyagawa K. Multiple sclerosis in northern and southern Japan.  World Neurol . 1960;  1 22-42
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Okinaka S, Tsubaki T, Kuroiwa Y, Toyokura Y, Imamura Y, Yoshikawa M. Multiple sclerosis and allied diseases in Japan.  Neurology . 1958;  8 756-763
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Kuroiwa Y. Multiple sclerosis and allied demyelinating encephalomyelitis in Japan. In: Bammer HG, ed. Zunkuft der Neurologie Stuttgart: Thieme 1967: 70-84
    Google Scholar
  • 58 Kuroiwa Y, Shibasaki H. Clinical studies of multiple sclerosis in Japan: I. A current appraisal of 83 cases.  Neurology . 1973;  23 609-617
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Shibasaki H, Kuroda Y, Kuroiwa Y. Clinical studies of multiple sclerosis in Japan: classical multiple sclerosis and Devic's disease.  J Neurol Sci . 1974;  23 215-222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Schumacher G A, Beebe G, Kibler R F. Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis: report by the panel on the evaluation of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis.  Ann N Y Acad Sci . 1965;  122 552-568
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Kuroiwa Y, Igata A, Itahara K, Koshijima S, Tsubaki T. Nationwide survey of multiple sclerosis in Japan: clinical analysis of 1,084 cases.  Neurology . 1975;  25 845-851
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Shibasaki H, Kuroiwa Y. Statistical analysis of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica based on autopsied cases in Jan.  Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn . 1969;  23 1-10
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Barcellos L F, Oksenberg J R, Green A J. Genetic basis for clinical expression in multiple sclerosis.  Brain . 2002;  125 150-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Kuroiwa Y, Hung T P, Landsborough D, Park C S, Singhal B S. Multiple sclerosis in Asia.  Neurology . 1977;  27 188-192
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Tan C T. Multiple sclerosis in Malaysia.  Arch Neurol . 1988;  45 624-627
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Mathew N T, Mathai K V, Abraham J, Taori G M. Incidence and pattern of demyelinating disease in India.  J Neurol Sci . 1971;  13 27-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Singhal B S, Wadia N H. Profile of multiple sclerosis in the Bombay region: on the basis of critical clinical appraisal.  J Neurol Sci . 1975;  26 259-270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Nair K R, Sahasranam K V. Multiple sclerosis in Malabar.  J Assoc Physicians India . 1978;  26 899-903
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Chopra J S, Radhakrishnan K, Sawhney B B, Pal S R, Banerjee A K. Multiple sclerosis in north-west India.  Acta Neurol Scand . 1980;  62 312-321
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Singhal B S. Multiple sclerosis: Indian experience.  Ann Acad Med Singapore . 1985;  14 32-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Jain S, Maheshwari M C. Multiple sclerosis: Indian experience in the last thirty years.  Neuroepidemiology . 1985;  4 96-107
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Kira J, Kanai T, Nishimura Y. Western versus Asian types of multiple sclerosis: immunogenetically and clinically distinct disorders.  Ann Neurol . 1996;  40 569-574
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Olerup O, Hillert J. HLA class II-associated genetic susceptibility in multiple sclerosis: a critical evaluation.  Tissue Antigens . 1991;  38 1-15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Ito H, Yamasaki K, Kawano Y. HLA-DP-associated susceptibility to the optico-spinal form of multiple sclerosis in the Japanese.  Tissue Antigens . 1998;  52 179-182
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Fukazawa T, Yamasaki K, Ito H. Both the HLA-DPB1 and -DRB1 alleles correlate with risk for multiple sclerosis in Japanese: clinical phenotypes and gender as important factors.  Tissue Antigens . 2000;  55 199-205
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Yamasaki K, Horiuchi I, Minohara M. HLA-DPB1*0501-associated opticospinal multiple sclerosis: clinical, neuroimaging and immunogenetic studies.  Brain . 1999;  122 1689-1696
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Sotgiu S, Pugliatti M, Solinas G, Castiglia P, Sanna A, Rosati G. Immunogenetic heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis in Sardinia.  Neurol Sci . 2001;  22 167-170
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Takase S, Itoyama Y. Decrease in multiple sclerosis with acute transverse myelitis in Japan.  Tohoku J Exp Med . 1999;  188 89-94
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Osuntokun B O. The pattern of neurological illness in tropical Africa: experience at Ibadan, Nigeria.  J Neurol Sci . 1971;  12 417-442
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Modi G, Mochan A, Modi M, Saffer D. Demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system occurring in black South Africans.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 2001;  70 500-505
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Lana-Peixoto M A, Lana-Peixoto M I. Is multiple sclerosis in Brazil and Asia alike?.  Arq Neuropsiquiatr . 1992;  50 419-425
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Mirsattari S M, Johnston J B, McKenna R. Aboriginals with multiple sclerosis: HLA types and predominance of neuromyelitis optica.  Neurology . 2001;  56 317-323
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Vernant J C, Cabre P, Smadja D. Recurrent optic neuromyelitis with endocrinopathies: a new syndrome.  Neurology . 1997;  48 58-64
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Yamasaki K, Horiuchi I, Minohara M. Hyperprolactinemia in optico-spinal multiple sclerosis.  Intern Med . 2000;  39 296-299
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Van de Kar D L, Blair M L. Forebrain pathways mediating stress-induced hormone secretion.  Front Neuroendocrinol . 1999;  20 1-48
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 April R S, Vansonnenberg E. A case of neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinicopathologic report and review of the literature.  Neurology . 1976;  26 1066-1070
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Bonnet F, Mercie P, Morlat P. Devic's neuromyelitis optica during pregnancy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Lupus . 1999;  8 244-247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Contamin F, Singer B, Mignot B. [A case of disseminated lupus erythematosus with involvement of the spinal cord and both optic nerves].  Ann Med Interne (Paris) . 1978;  129 463-439
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Kinney E L, Berdoff R L, Rao N S, Fox L M. Devic's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report with necropsy.  Arch Neurol . 1979;  36 643-644
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Oppenheimer S, Hoffbrand B I. Optic neuritis and myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus.  Can J Neurol Sci . 1986;  13 129-132
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Tola M R, Granieri E, Caniatti L. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with neurological disorders.  J Neurol . 1992;  239 61-64
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Cordeiro M F, Lloyd M E, Spalton D J, Hughes G R. Ischaemic optic neuropathy, transverse myelitis, and epilepsy in an anti-phospholipid positive patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1994;  57 1142-1143
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Giorgi D, Balacco Gabrieli C, Bonomo L. The association of optic neuropathy with transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.  Rheumatology (Oxf) . 1999;  38 191-192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Gibbs A N, Moroney J, Foley-Nolan D, O'Connell P G. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report.  Rheumatology (Oxf) . 2002;  41 470-471
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Mochizuki A, Hayashi A, Hisahara S, Shoji S. Steroid-responsive Devic's variant in Sjogren's syndrome.  Neurology . 2000;  54 1391-1392
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Moll J W, Markusse H M, Pijnenburg J J, Vecht C J, Henzen-Logmans S C. Antineuronal antibodies in patients with neurologic complications of primary Sjogren's syndrome.  Neurology . 1993;  43 2574-2581
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Manley G, Wong E, Dalmau J, Elkon K, Posner J, Furneaux H. Sera from some patients with antibody-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis/sensory neuronopathy recognize the Ro-52K antigen.  J Neurooncol . 1994;  19 105-112
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Moutsopoulos H M. Assessment of the European classification criteria for Sjögren's syndrome in a series of clinically defined cases: results of a prospective multicentre study. The European Study Group on Diagnostic Criteria for Sjögren's Syndrome.  Ann Rheum Dis . 1996;  55 116-121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Harada T, Ohashi T, Harada C. A case of bilateral optic neuropathy and recurrent transverse myelopathy associated with perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA).  J Neuroophthalmol . 1997;  17 254-256
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Fukazawa T, Hamada T, Kikuchi S, Sasaki H, Tashiro K, Maguchi S. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and the optic-spinal form of multiple sclerosis in Japan.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1996;  61 203-204
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Karussis D, Leker R R, Ashkenazi A, Abramsky O. A subgroup of multiple sclerosis patients with anticardiolipin antibodies and unusual clinical manifestations: do they represent a new nosological entity?.  Ann Neurol . 1998;  44 629-634
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Fukazawa T, Moriwaka F, Mukai M, Hamada T, Koike T, Tashiro K. Anticardiolipin antibodies in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis.  Acta Neurol Scand . 1993;  88 184-189
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Weiss T D, Nelson J S, Woolsey R M, Zuckner J, Baldassare A R. Transverse myelitis in mixed connective tissue disease.  Arthritis Rheum . 1978;  21 982-986
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Pedersen C, Bonen H, Boesen F. Transverse myelitis in mixed connective tissue disease.  Clin Rheumatol . 1987;  6 290-292
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Mok C C, Lau C S. Transverse myelopathy complicating mixed connective tissue disease.  Clin Neurol Neurosurg . 1995;  97 259-260
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Flechtner K M, Baum K. Mixed connective tissue disease: recurrent episodes of optic neuropathy and transverse myelopathy: successful treatment with plasmapheresis.  J Neurol Sci . 1994;  126 146-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Williamson P M. Neuromyelitis optica following infectious mononucleosis.  Proc Aust Assoc Neurol . 1975;  12 153-155
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Doutlik S, Sblova O, Kryl R, Novak M. [Neuromyelitis optica as a parainfectious complication of varicella].  Cesk Neurol Neurochir . 1975;  38 238-242
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Chusid M J, Williamson S J, Murphy J V, Ramey L S. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic disease) following varicella infection.  J Pediatr . 1979;  95 737-738
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 al-Deeb S M, Yaqub B A, Khoja W O. Devic's neuromyelitis optica and varicella.  J Neurol . 1993;  240 450-451
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Ahasan H A, Rafiqueuddin A K, Chowdhury M A, Azhar M A, Kabir F. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease) following chicken pox.  Trop Doct . 1994;  24 75-76
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Blanche P, Diaz E, Gombert B, Sicard D, Rivoal O, Brezin A. Devic's neuromyelitis optica and HIV-1 infection.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 2000;  68 795-796
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Barbizet J, Degos J D, Meyrignac C. [Acute neuromyelitis optica and acute pulmonary tuberculosis (author's trans.)].  Rev Neurol (Paris) . 1980;  136 303-309
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Hughes R A, Mair W G. Acute necrotic myelopathy with pulmonary tuberculosis.  Brain . 1977;  100 223-238
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Silber M H, Willcox P A, Bowen R M, Unger A. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) and pulmonary tuberculosis.  Neurology . 1990;  40 934-938
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Tsubaki T, Toyokura Y, Tsukagoshi H. Subacute myelo-opticoneuropathy following abdominal symptoms: a clinical and pathological study.  Jpn J Med . 1965;  4 181-184
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Tsubaki T, Honma Y, Hoshi M. Neurological syndrome associated with clioquinol.  Lancet . 1971;  1 696-697
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Tateishi J, Ikeda H, Saito A, Kuroda S, Otsuki S. Myeloneuropathy in dogs induced by iodoxyquinoline.  Neurology . 1972;  22 702-709
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Tateishi J, Kuroda S, Saito A, Otsuki S. Experimental myelo-optic neuropathy induced by clioquinol.  Acta Neuropathol (Berl) . 1973;  24 304-320
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Donati E, Bargnani C, Besana R, Locatelli P, Faggi L, De Marinis S. Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) induced by antituberculous treatment in uraemia.  Funct Neurol . 1990;  5 151-154
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Aimoto Y, Ito K, Moriwaka F, Tashiro K, Abe K. Demyelinating peripheral neuropathy in Devic disease.  Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol . 1991;  45 861-864
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 von Budingen C H, Tanuma N, Villoslada P, Ouallet J C, Hauser S L, Genain C P. Immune responses against the myelin/ oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in experimental autoimmune demyelination.  J Clin Immunol . 2001;  21 155-170
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Genain C P, Hauser S L. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the New World monkey Callithrix jacchus Immunol Rev .  2001;  183 159-172
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Storch M K, Stefferl A, Brehm U. Autoimmunity to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in rats mimics the spectrum of multiple sclerosis pathology.  Brain Pathol . 1998;  8 681-694
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Stefferl A, Brehm U, Storch M. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the ``resistant'' Brown Norway rat: disease susceptibility is determined by MHC and MHC-linked effects on the B cell response.  J Immunol . 1999;  163 40-49
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Haase C G, Schmidt S. Detection of brain-specific autoantibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, S100beta and myelin basic protein in patients with Devic's neuromyelitis optica.  Neurosci Lett . 2001;  307 131-133
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Haase C G, Guggenmos J, Brehm U. The fine specificity of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody response in patients with multiple sclerosis and normal healthy controls.  J Neuroimmunol . 2001;  114 220-225
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Reindl M, Linington C, Brehm U. Antibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and the myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases: a comparative study.  Brain . 1999;  122 2047-2056
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Ortiz de Zarate C J, Tamaroff L, Sica R E, Rodriguez J A. Neuromyelitis optica versus subacute necrotic myelitis: II. Anatomical study of two cases.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 1968;  31 641-645
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Lefkowitz D, Angelo J N. Neuromyelitis optica with unusual vascular changes.  Arch Neurol . 1984;  41 1103-1105
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Marie P, Foix C, Alajouanine T. La myélite necrotique subaigue.  Rev Neurol . 1926;  2 1-42
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Lucchinetti C F, Mandler R N, McGavern D. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic's neuromyelitis optica.  Brain . 2002;  125 1450-1461
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Stansbury F C. Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease): presentation of five cases with pathologic study, and review of the literature.  Arch Ophthalmol . 1949;  42 292-501
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Phalke R, Shrivatava M P. Neuromyelitis optica treated with cortisone [abstract].  J Indian Med Assoc . 1960;  34 177-178
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Weinshenker B G, O'Brien P C, Petterson T M. A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease.  Ann Neurol . 1999;  46 878-886
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Keegan M, Pineda A A, McClelland R L, Darby C H, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker B G. Plasma exchange for severe attacks of CNS demyelination: predictors of response.  Neurology . 2002;  58 143-146
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Mandler R N, Ahmed W, Dencoff J E. Devic's neuromyelitis optica: a prospective study of seven patients treated with prednisone and azathioprine.  Neurology . 1998;  51 1219-220
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Aguilera A J, Carlow T J, Smith K J, Simon T L. Lymphocytaplasmapheresis in Devic's syndrome.  Transfusion . 1985;  25 54-56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Kirschfink M. Targeting complement in therapy.  Immunol Rev . 2001;  180 177-189
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Levine T D, Pestronk A. IgM antibody-related polyneuropathies: B-cell depletion chemotherapy using Rituximab.  Neurology . 1999;  52 1701-1704
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
      >