Zusammenfassung
Die medikamentöse Behandlung der Endometriose bedarf der Optimierung. Alle modernen
Behandlungsstrategien zielen derzeit auf die ovarielle Downregulation oder die Antagonisierung
der Östrogeneeffekte am Endometrioseherd. Die Grundlagenforschung liefert hier wichtige
Erkenntnisse für die Entwicklung neuer, spezifischer Therapiestragien. So wurde
kürzlich die Überexpression der Aromatase in Endometriosegewebe entdeckt. Die Aromatase
(p450arom) ist für die Konversion der C19-Androgene in Östrogen in verschiedensten
menschlichen Geweben verantwortlich. Die Aromataseüberexpression hat eine verstärkte
lokale Östrogenbiosynthese zur Folge, die wiederum über die zelluläre Hochregulation
der Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) eine Stimulation der Prostaglandin E2 -Produktion nach sich zieht. Dadurch entsteht eine Art positiver Feedbackmechanismus
zwischen beiden Systemen. Außerdem wurde die Defizienz der 17β-Hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase
Type II-Expression als eine weitere Abnormalität in Endometriosegeweben beschrieben,
was die lokale Umwandlung von Östradiol in Östron erschwert. Im Gegensatz zum normalen
Endometrium führen diese beiden molekularen Abberationen zu einer steigenden lokalen
Konzentration von Östradiol und Prostaglandin E2 . In verschiedenen menschlichen Zelllinien sind diese wiederum mit Zellproliferation,
Migration, Angiogenese, Apoptoseresistenz und sogar Invasivität assoziiert. Konsequenterweise
werden die Aromatase und die COX-2 als therapeutische Targets angesehen. Spezifische
Aromatase-Inhibitoren (wie Letrozol, Anastrozol oder Exemestan) oder selektive COX-2-Blocker
(z. B. Celecoxib, Rofecoxib u. a.) sind viel versprechende, für andere Indikationen
eingeführte Substanzen, die in kontrollierten klinischen Studien auf Sicherheit und
Wirksamkeit bei Endometriose geprüft werden mü ssen, um das Spektrum der derzeit
verfügbaren Therapieoptionen zu erweitern.
Abstract
The medical treatment of endometriosis needs to be optimized. Therapeutic management
strategies of endometriosis-associated pain or recurrent disease is primarily aimed
at downregulating the ovarian function or at antagonizing the effect of estrogen
in ectopic endometrial implants. In this context, basic research is delivering powerful
tools for the possible developement of new, specific treatment modalities. Recently,
aromatase overexpression has been detected in endometriotic tissue. Aromatase (p450arom)
is responsible for conversion of C19 androgens to estrogen in several human tissues.
Aromatase activity gives rise to local estrogen biosynthesis, which, in turn, stimulates
prostaglandin E2 production by upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), thus establishing a positive
feedback cycle. Another abnormality in endometriosis, i. e. the deficiency in 17β-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase
type-II (17β-HSD-Type-II) expression, impairs the inactivation of estradiol to estrone.
In contrast to the eutopic endometrium, these molecular aberrations collectively
favour accumulation of increasing amounts of local estradiol and prostaglandin E2 in endometriosis. In several human cell lines, prostaglandin and estrogen concentrations
are associated with proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis resistance,
and even invasiveness. Consequentely, aromatase and COX-2 are promising new therapeutic
targets. In summary, specific aromatase inhibitors (such as Letrozole, Anastrozol
or Exemestan) or selective COX-2 inhibitors (f. e. Celecoxib, Rofecoxib) are of great
interesst to be studied in clinical trials in premenopausal woman with endometriosis
to extend the spectrum of currently available treatment options.
Schlüsselwörter
Endometriose - Aromatase - Cyclooxygenase - Östradiol - Prostaglandine
Key words
Endometriosis - aromatase - cyclooxygenase - estradiol - prostaglandins
Literatur
1
Alshafie G A, Abou-Issa H M, Seibert K, Harris R E.
Chemotherapeutic evaluation of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in a rat
mammary tumor model.
Oncol Rep.
2000;
7
1377-1381
2
Bhatnagar A S, Brodie A MH, Long B J, Evans D B, Miller W R.
Intracellular aromatase and its relevance to the pharmacological efficacy of aromatase
inhibitors.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.
2001;
76
199-202
3
Brueggemeier R W, Quinn A L, Parrett M L, Joarder F S, Harris R E, Robertson F M.
Correlation of aromatase and cyclooxygenase gene expression in human breast cancer
specimens.
Cancer Lett.
1999;
140
27-35
4
Bulun S E, Zeitoun K, Takayama K, Noble L, Michael D, Simpson E, Johns Putman M, Sasano H.
Estrogen production in endometriosis and use of aromatase inhibitors to treat endometriosis.
Endocrine- Relat Cancer.
1999;
6
293-301
5
Bulun S E, Zeitoun K M, Takayama K, Sasano H.
Molecular basis for treating endometriosis with aromatase inhibitors.
Human Reprod Update.
2000;
6
413-418
6
Bulun S E, Zeitoun K M, Takayama K, Simpson E, Sasano H.
Aromatase as a therapeutic target in endometriosis.
Trends Endocrinol Metabol.
2000;
11
22-27
7
De Leon F D, Vijayakumar R, Brown M, Rao C V, Yussman M A, Schultz G.
Peritoneal fluid volume, estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandin, and epidermal growth
factor concentrations in patients with and without endometriosis.
Obstet Gynecol.
1986;
68
189-194
8
Dmowski W P, Ding J, Shen J, Rana N, Fernandez B B, Braun D P.
Apoptosis in endometrial glandular and stromal cells in woman with and without endometriosis.
Hum Reprod.
2001;
16
1802-1808
9
Eberhart C E, Coffey R J, Radhika A, Giardiello F M, Ferrenbach S, DuBois R N.
Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and
adenocarcinomas.
Gastroenterology.
1994;
107
1183-1188
10 Ebert A D, Schweppe K W, David M, Halis G, Lange J, Bouterfa H. Therapeutic use
of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole in a premenopausal woman with endometriosis. In:
II. world congress on controversies in obstetrics, gynecology and infertility. 2001;
p. 33
11
FitzGerald G A, Patrono C.
The Coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2.
N Engl J Med.
2001;
345
433-442
12
Gaetje R, Kotzian S, Herrmann G, Baumann R, Starzinski-Powitz A.
Invasiveness of endometriotic cells in vitro.
Lancet.
1995;
346
1463-1464
13
Gately S.
The contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 to tumor angiogenesis.
Cancer Metatstasis Rev.
2000;
19
19-27
14
Gebel H M, Braun D P, Tambur A, Frame D, Rana N, Dmowski W P.
Spontaneous apoptosis of endometrial tissue is impaired in woman with endometriosis.
Fertil Steril.
1998;
69
1042-1047
15
Goss P E, Strasser K.
Aromatase inhibitors in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
J Clin Oncol.
2001;
19
881-894
16
Herschman H R.
Prostaglandin synthase 2.
Biochim Biophys Acta.
1996;
129
125-140
17
Howe L R, Subbaramaiah K, Brown A MC, Dannenberg A J.
Cyclooxygenase-2: a target for prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
Endomcrine-rel Cancer.
2001;
8
97-114
18
Husmann F.
Sind die Aromatasehemmer therapeutische Alternativen oder Mittel der Wahl?.
Gyn.
1999;
20
293-298
19
Imai A, Takagi A, Tamaya T.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog repairs reduced endometrial cell apoptosis
in endometriosis in vitro.
Am J Obstet Gynecol.
2000;
182
1142-1146
20
Jones R L, Kelly R W, Critchley H OD.
Chemokine and cyclooxygenase-e expression in human endometrium coincides with leukocyte
accumulation.
Hum Reprod.
1997;
12
1300-1306
21
Kelloff G J, Lubet R A, Lieberman R, Eisenhauer K, Steele V E, Crowell J A, Hawk E T,
Boone C W, Sigman C C.
Aromatase inhibitors as potential cancer chemopreventives.
Cancer Epid Biomarkers & Prev.
1998;
7
65-78
22
Kim S H, Choi Y M, Chae H D, Kim K R, Kim C H, Kang B M.
Increased expression of endoglin in the eutopic endometrium of woman with endometriosis.
Fertil Steril.
2001;
76
918-922
23
Kitawaki J, Kusuki I, Koshiba H, Tsukamoto K, Fushiki S, Honjo H.
Detection of aromatase cytochrome p-450 in endometrioal biopsy specimens as a diagnostic
test for endometriosis.
Fertil Steril.
1999;
72
1100-1106
24
Leyendecker G, Herbertz M, Kunz G, Mall G.
Endometriosis results from the dislocation of basal endometrium.
Hum Reprod.
2002;
17
2725-2736
25
Liu C H, Chang S H, Narko K, Trifan O C, Wu M T, Smith E, Haudenschild C, Lane T F,
Hla T.
Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 is sufficient to induce tumorigenesis in transgenic
mice.
J Biol Chem.
2001;
276
18563-18569
26
McLaren J.
Vascular endothelial grwoth factor and endometriotic angiogenesis.
Hum Reprod Update.
2000;
61
45-55
27
Noble L S, Simpson E R, Johns A, Bulun S E.
Aromatase expression in endometriosis.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1996;
81
174-179
28
Noble L S, Takayama K, Zeitoun K M, Putman J M, Johns D A, Hinshelwood M M, Agarwal V R,
Zhao Y, Carr B R, Bulun S E.
Prostaglandin E2 stimulates aromatase expression in endometriosis- derived stromal
cells.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1997;
82
600-606
29
Olive D L, Pritts E A.
Treatment of endometriosis.
N Engl J Med.
2001;
345
266-275
30
Ota H, Igarashi S, Sasaki M, Tanaka T.
Distribution of cyclooxygenase-2 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in endometriosis
and adenomyosis.
Human Reprod.
2001;
16
561-566
31
Starzinski-Powitz A, Zeitvogel A, Schreiner A, Baumann R.
In search of pathogenic mechanisms in endometriosis: the challange for molecular
cell biology.
Curr Mol Med.
2001;
1
633-642
32
Steinbach G, Lynch P M, Phillips R K, Wallace M H, Hawk E, Gordon G B, Wakabayashi N,
Saunders B, Shen Y, Fujimura T, Su L K, Levin B.
The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
342
1946-1952
33 Subbaramaiah K, Norton L, Gerald W, Dannenberg A J. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2
in HER-2-overexpressing human breast cancer cells. NCI 7th SPORE Investigators Workshop
1999
34
Takayama K, Zeitoun K, Gunby R T, Sasano H, Carr B R, Bulun S E.
Treatment of severe postmenopausal endometriosis with an aromatase inhibitor.
Fertil Steril.
1998;
69
709-713
35
Zeitoun K M, Bulun S E.
Aromatase: a key molecule in the pathophysiology of endometriosis and a therapeutic
target.
Fertil Steril.
1999;
72
961-969
36
Zeitoun K, Takayama K, Sasano H, Suzuki T, Moghrabi N, Andersson S, Johns A, Meng L,
Putman M, Carr B, Bulun S E.
Deficient 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression in endometriosis: failure
to metabolize 17β-estradiol.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
1998;
83
4474-4480
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Andreas D. Ebert
Deutsches Endometriose Kompetenz- und Experten-Netzwerk (DEKEN)/Endometriosezentrum
Berlin
Frauenklinik und Poliklinik
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Campus Benjamin Franklin
Hindenburgdamm 30
12200 Berlin
Phone: 0 30-84 45-25 93
Fax: 0 30-84 45-44 77
Email: andreas.ebert@medizin.fu-berlin.de