Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie: Die in Zielsetzungen für die Gesundheitsversorgung festgelegte Qualität gilt es zu
sichern und gegebenenfalls fortlaufend zu verbessern. Qualitätseinbußen werden nicht
zuletzt infolge pauschalierender Vergütung befürchtet. Länderübergreifend werden Problemlösungen
von verschiedenen Konzepten der Qualitätssicherung und -förderung erwartet. Die Frage
nach deren Eignung ist offen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht dazu Bewertungen,
Belege und in der Literatur dargelegte Studien aus Ländern, die bereits über mehrjährige
Erfahrung mit einem DRG-System verfügen. Methodik: Recherche in der Cochrane-Datenbank sowie in den Datenbanken des International Network
of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (DARE, NHSEED und HTA), in DIMDI und
der Medline-Datenbank des NIH. Recherchiert wurde außerdem im Länderbezug generell
im Internet. Ergebnisse: Instrumente der Qualitätssicherung und -förderung wie z. B. Akkreditierung, Einsatz
von EbM, Leitlinien und Indikatorensets sind in den meisten der 18 untersuchten Ländern
etabliert, nationalspezifisch geprägt sind insbesondere Verfahren wie Register oder
Audits. Bei vergleichbaren Problemen besteht weitreichender internationaler Konsens
zu den in der Qualitätsförderung zu adressierenden Aspekten. Insgesamt ergibt sich
nur limitierte Evidenz für Effektivität und generelle Anwendbarkeit der verschiedenen
Qualitätsverbesserungsansätze. Insbesondere sind positive Auswirkungen auf das Outcome
nicht belegt. Auch im Hinblick auf den Kostenimpact fehlt eine systematische Evaluation,
entsprechende Evidenzberichte sind eher anekdotischer Art. Reflexion und Qualitätsförderungsprozesse
im lokalen Bezug werden vielfach günstig beurteilt, ohne dass ein Impact auf das Gesamtsystem
belegt ist. Schlussfolgerungen: Keines der bisher verbreiteten Modelle erweist sich bislang als generell überlegen.
Es fehlt letztlich das Wissen, welche Ansätze für welche angestrebte Verbesserung
und in welchem Kontext angemessen sind. Qualitätsförderung erfährt als Strategie breite
Zustimmung und erscheint gesundheitspolitisch korrekt. Ob sie tatsächlich eine bessere,
effizientere und auf das Behandlungsergebnis und den Patienten zentrierte Versorgung
fördert, bleibt durch die Versorgungsforschung weiter zu klären. Neue Modelle (wie
beispielsweise die Integration verschiedener Ansätze oder DMP-Systeme) bedürfen systematischer
und systemischer Evaluation bereits vor dem verbreiteten Einsatz. Als Bindeglied ist
die Sozialmedizin gefordert, zwischen den gesellschaftlich konsentierten Zielen der
Gesundheitsversorgung und der Medizin operational zu vermitteln.
Abstract
Aims: Internationally, the implementation of diagnosis-related group systems has underlined
the importance of quality assurance and improvement in health care systems. Support
is expected by various concepts based on different theories and traditions. Published
experience and knowledge of other countries with long-standing DRG systems and data
in literature are studied to see whether there is an evidence-based impact of quality
assurance and quality improvement on health care systems. Methods: Relevant data was searched for in the Cochrane-database, the INAHTA-databases DARE,
NHSEED and HTA, in DIMDI and the Medline-database of the NIH as well as generally
in the internet, addressing the different countries. Results: Several tools of quality assurance and quality improvement like accreditation, evidence-based
medicine and guidelines exist in most of the 18 countries studied. Some of them, such
as registries and audits, have marked national characteristics. Similar problems in
provision of health care are reported internationally. There is broad consensus as
to the aspects to be addressed in quality improvement concepts. Though international
consensus on effective organization and methods of external assessment is growing
there is only limited evidence for efficiency and general applicability of the different
tools. Their cost impact, too, has not undergone systematic evaluation. Procedures
like feedback strategies and reflection have been identified as having the potenzial
to change the practice of health care professionals on a local level, but evidence
for system-related impact is missing. Above all, for all concepts of quality improvement
there is no real evidence of clinical benefit in the sense of better patient outcomes.
Conclusions: None of the various tools for quality improvement in health care proves superior
so far. It remains unclear which tool suits best for which intended improvement and
in which context. Although quality improvement as a strategy meets with wide approval
and appears to be a correct health policy, it remains doubtful whether it really improves
clinical outcome and patient-centred health care. Public health research should address
these questions. New concepts (e. g. integrating different tools of quality assurance
and improvement or DMP systems) need evaluation prior to their broad implementation.
Social medicine is called upon to mediate between the consented health care aims of
society and medicine.
Schlüsselwörter
Qualitätssicherung - Qualitätsförderung - Impact - Evidenz - Outcome
Key words
Quality assurance - quality improvement - impact - evidence - outcome
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1 häufig nicht adäquat kontrolliert und ohne Randomisierungsstrategie für die teilnehmenden
Ärzte, vorrangig kleinzahlige Vorher-Nachher-Vergleiche
Dr. med. Elisabeth Simoes
KCQ beim MDK Baden-Württemberg
Ahornweg 2
77933 Lahr/Schwarzwald
Email: e.simoes@mdkbw.de