Gestörte Funktion der oberen Atemwege
Laryngeale Atmung

Zusammenfassung

Der Kehlkopf stellt hinsichtlich des Atemwegsquerschnittes den Flaschenhals des menschlichen Atemweges dar. Aus diesem Grund wirken sich stenosierende Kehlkopferkrankungen in besonderem Maße auf den lebenswichtigen Atemgasaustausch aus.

Die Wiederherstellung der Atemfunktion des Larynx erfordert bei schweren Formen des inspiratorischen Kollapses (Laryngomalazie) die innere Stabilisierung. In den letzten Jahren sind hierzu wirksame Verfahren der laserchirurgischen Intervention entwickelt worden.

Die Glottis erweiternde Chirurgie bei bilateraler Immobilität der Stimmlippen zeigt einen Trend zur endoskopischen laserchirurgischen Chordotomie bzw. Chordektomie, während die Arytänoidektomie und offen chirurgische Verfahren wegen stärkerer Sekundärmorbidität nur noch selten zum Einsatz kommen. Im Einzelfall, insbesondere bei absehbarer Funktionswiederkehr, kann die temporäre Laterofixation einer Stimmlippe durch eine endoskopische Nahttechnik hilfreich sein.

Ausgedehnte Kehlkopfdefekte können mit Composite grafts, die über eine Schleimhautauskleidung, ein Stützskelett und eine eigene Gefäßversorgung verfügen, gedeckt werden. Die autologe Transplantation des Kehlkopfes ist mit ihren komplexen chirurgischen und immunologischen Problemen beherrschbar geworden. Probleme der Reinnervation nach Transplantation und der Abwägung des Risikos eines durch die Immunsuppression induzierten Tumorrezidivs sind noch Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen.

Die Reanimation des bilateral gelähmten Kehlkopfes durch Nervennaht, durch Nerventransfer und neuerdings durch funktionelle Elektrostimulation (Pacemaker) stellt die Herausforderung für die nächsten Jahre dar. Bei der überwiegenden Zahl der Rekurrensparesen liegt zum Zeitpunkt der Therapie eine synkinetische Reinnervation vor, die einen Teil der Muskulatur erhält, aber durch gleichzeitige Aktivität von Agonisten und Antagonisten eine effektive Stimmlippenbewegung verhindert. Die Modulation der Reinnervation durch Elektrostimulation und moderne Ansätze der Gentherapie lassen ein zukünftig besseres Outcome erwarten.

Schlüsselwörter

Larynx - Malazie - Glottiserweiterung - Rekonstruktion - Transplantation - Reinnervation - Pacemaker

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