Horm Metab Res 2005; 37(5): 303-308
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-861474
Original Clinical
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Arabinoxylan-enriched Meal Increases Serum Ghrelin Levels in Healthy Humans

M.  Möhlig2*, C.  Koebnick1*, M.  O.  Weickert2*, W.  Lueder1 , B.  Otto3 , J.  Steiniger1 , M.  Twilfert2 , F.  Meuser4 , A.  F.  H.  Pfeiffer2 , H.  J.  Zunft1
  • 1 Department of Interventional Studies, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
  • 2 Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University-Medicine Berlin, Germany
  • 3Medical Department, Innenstadt University Hospital, München, Germany
  • 4Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
* these authors contributed equally
Further Information

Publication History

Received 21 September 2004

Accepted after revision 6 December 2004

Publication Date:
22 June 2005 (online)

Abstract

Soluble fibre like arabinoxylan (AX) is thought to have beneficial effects on metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of a breakfast enriched in AX fibre on glucose, insulin and ghrelin values. AX-enriched and control breakfasts were served to fifteen young volunteers (nine female, six male). Glucose, insulin and ghrelin responses were measured after the meal. To avoid effects from differences in glucose metabolism, further analysis was restricted to those subjects with known normal glucose regulation (seven female, four male). The AX fibre-enriched breakfast did not significantly change glucose levels for two hours after breakfast, but decreased insulin levels in the entire cohort (p = 0.035). Glucose response was also not significantly different in subjects with normal glucose regulation (p = 0.367), and the insulin responses after an AX-enriched breakfast showed only a tendency towards lower values (p = 0.065). Nevertheless, plasma ghrelin two hours after AX-enriched breakfast was higher than after the control meal (396.1 ± 36.4 pg/ml vs. 328.3 ± 32.6 pg/ml, p < 0.001). In subjects with normal glucose regulation, the AX-enriched breakfast increased ghrelin levels without any significant difference in glucose or insulin response. This effect is therefore unlikely to be mediated by insulin, but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.

References

  • 1 Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K, Grundy S M, Brinkley L J. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.  N Engl J Med. 2000;  342 1392-1398
  • 2 Jenkins D J, Axelsen M, Kendall C W, Augustin L S, Vuksan V, Smith U. Dietary fibre, lente carbohydrates and the insulin-resistant diseases.  Br J Nutr. 2000;  83 Suppl 1 S157-S163
  • 3 Bosello O, Ostuzzi R, Armellini F, Micciolo R, Scuro L A. Glucose tolerance and blood lipids in bran-fed patients with impaired glucose tolerance.  Diabetes Care. 1980;  3 46-49
  • 4 Toeller M, Buyken A E, Heitkamp G, de Pergola G, Giorgino F, Fuller J H. Fiber intake, serum cholesterol levels, and cardiovascular disease in European individuals with type 1 diabetes. EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group.  Diabetes Care. 1999;  22 Suppl 2 B21-B28
  • 5 Liu S, Willett W C, Manson J E, Hu F B, Rosner B, Colditz G. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;  78 920-927
  • 6 Lu Z X, Gibson P R, Muir J G, Fielding M, O’Dea K. Arabinoxylan fiber from a by-product of wheat flour processing behaves physiologically like a soluble, fermentable fiber in the large bowel of rats.  J Nutr. 2000;  130 1984-1990
  • 7 Lu Z X, Walker K Z, Muir J G, O’Dea K. Arabinoxylan fibre improves metabolic control in people with Type II diabetes.  Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;  58 621-628
  • 8 Lu Z X, Walker K Z, Muir J G, Mascara T, O’Dea K. Arabinoxylan fiber, a byproduct of wheat flour processing, reduces the postprandial glucose response in normoglycemic subjects.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;  71 1123-1128
  • 9 Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach.  Nature. 1999;  402 656-660
  • 10 Date Y, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Sawaguchi A, Mondal M S, Suganuma T, Matsukura S, Kangawa K, Nakazato M. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans.  Endocrinology. 2000;  141 4255-4261
  • 11 Wren A M, Seal L J, Cohen M A, Brynes A E, Frost G S, Murphy K G, Dhillo W S, Ghatei M A, Bloom S R. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;  86 5992
  • 12 Tschöp M, Smiley D L, Heiman M L. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents.  Nature. 2000;  407 908-913
  • 13 Wren A M, Small C J, Abbott C R, Dhillo W S, Seal L J, Cohen M A, Batterham R L, Taheri S, Stanley S A, Ghatei M A, Bloom S R. Ghrelin causes hyperphagia and obesity in rats.  Diabetes. 2001;  50 2540-2547
  • 14 van der Lely A J, Tschöp M, Heiman M L, Ghigo E. Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin.  Endocr Rev. 2004;  25 426-457
  • 15 Cummings D E, Purnell J Q, Frayo R S, Schmidova K, Wisse B E, Weigle D S. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans.  Diabetes. 2001;  50 1714-1719
  • 16 Tschöp M, Wawarta R, Riepl R L, Friedrich S, Bidlingmaier M, Landgraf R, Folwaczny C. Post-prandial decrease of circulating human ghrelin levels.  J Endocrinol Invest. 2001;  24 RC19-RC21
  • 17 Erdmann J, Topsch R, Lippl F, Gussmann P, Schusdziarra V. Postprandial response of plasma ghrelin levels to various test meals in relation to food intake, plasma insulin, and glucose.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;  89 3048-3054
  • 18 English P J, Ghatei M A, Malik I A, Bloom S R, Wilding J P. Food fails to suppress ghrelin levels in obese humans.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;  87 2984
  • 19 Tentolouris N, Kokkinos A, Tsigos C, Kyriaki D, Doupis J, Raptis S A, Katsilambros N. Differential effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate content isoenergetic meals on plasma active ghrelin concentrations in lean and obese women.  Horm Metab Res. 2004;  36 559-563
  • 20 Bizzarri C, Rigamonti A E, Giannone G, Berardinelli R, Cella S G, Cappa M, Muller E E. Maintenance of a normal meal-induced decrease in plasma ghrelin levels in children with Prader-Willi syndrome.  Horm Metab Res. 2004;  36 164-169
  • 21 McCowen K C, Maykel J A, Bistrian B R, Ling P R. Circulating ghrelin concentrations are lowered by intravenous glucose or hyperinsulinemic euglycemic conditions in rodents.  J Endocrinol. 2002;  175 R7-R11
  • 22 Saad M F, Bernaba B, Hwu C M, Jinagouda S, Fahmi S, Kogosov E, Boyadjian R. Insulin regulates plasma ghrelin concentration.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;  87 3997-4000
  • 23 Möhlig M, Spranger J, Otto B, Ristow M, Tschöp M, Pfeiffer A F. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia, but not lipid infusion, decreases circulating ghrelin levels in humans.  J Endocrinol Invest. 2002;  25 RC36-RC38
  • 24 Spranger J, Ristow M, Otto B, Heldwein W, Tschöp M, Pfeiffer A F, Möhlig M. Post-prandial decrease of human plasma ghrelin in the absence of insulin.  J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;  26 RC19-RC22
  • 25 Schaller G, Schmidt A, Pleiner J, Woloszczuk W, Wolzt M, Luger A. Plasma ghrelin concentrations are not regulated by glucose or insulin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clamp study.  Diabetes. 2003;  52 16-20
  • 26 Murdolo G, Lucidi P, di Loreto C, Parlanti N, de Cicco A, Fatone C, Fanelli C G, Bolli G B, Santeusanio F, de Feo P. Insulin is required for prandial ghrelin suppression in humans.  Diabetes. 2003;  52 2923-2927
  • 27 Teff K L, Elliott S S, Tschöp M, Kieffer T J, Rader D, Heiman M, Townsend R R, Keim N L, D’Alessio D, Havel P J. Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;  89 2963-2972
  • 28 Meuser F, Imhof D. Production of a Dietary Fibre Concentrate Recovered from Wheat Starch Plant Process Water. Association of Cereal Research, 53 Starch Convention, Detmold (Germany), April 24 - 26 2002. 
  • 29 Lüder W, Noack R, Meuser F, Martens U, Gebhardt E, Rohde J, Truckenbrodt K. Einfluß stoffwechselaktiver Ballaststoffkonzentrate aus Roggen und Weizen auf den postprandialen Blutglukoseanstieg.  Ernährungs-Umschau. 1996;  43 290-293
  • 30 Ludwig D S, Pereira M A, Kroenke C H, Hilner J E, van Horn L, Slattery M L, Jacobs D R . Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults.  Jama. 1999;  282 1539-1546
  • 31 Cummings D E, Weigle D S, Frayo R S, Breen P A, Ma M K, Dellinger E P, Purnell J Q. Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery.  N Engl J Med. 2002;  346 1623-1630
  • 32 Anderson J W, Chen W J, Sieling B. Hypolipidemic effects of high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets.  Metabolism. 1980;  29 551-558
  • 33 Wolever T M, Campbell J E, Geleva D, Anderson G H. High-fiber cereal reduces postprandial insulin responses in hyperinsulinemic but not normoinsulinemic subjects.  Diabetes Care. 2004;  27 1281-1285
  • 34 Jenkins D J, Kendall C W, Axelsen M, Augustin L S, Vuksan V. Viscous and nonviscous fibres, nonabsorbable and low glycaemic index carbohydrates, blood lipids and coronary heart disease.  Curr Opin Lipidol. 2000;  11 49-56
  • 35 Jacobs D R Jr, Meyer K A, Kushi L H, Folsom A R. Whole-grain intake may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease death in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;  68 248-257
  • 36 Schulze M B, Liu S, Rimm E B, Manson J E, Willett W C, Hu F B. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;  80 348-356

M. Möhlig, M. D.

Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke ·

Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114 - 116 · 14558 Nuthetal · Germany

Phone: + 49 (33 200) 88 771

Fax: + 49 (33 200) 88 777

Email: mmoehlig@mail.dife.de

    >