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DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-866780
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Mutationen im Gen für die Rezeptortyrosinkinase FLT3 bei akuter myeloischer Leukämie
Bedeutung als krankheitsspezifischer molekularer Marker für Diagnostik, Prognose und innovative Therapieansätze Mutations of the gene coding for the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 in acute myeloid leukemiaIts role as a disease specific molecular marker for diagnostics, prognosis and new therapeutical strategiesPublikationsverlauf
eingereicht: 12.3.2004
akzeptiert: 20.12.2004
Publikationsdatum:
26. April 2005 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Die Rezeptortyrosinkinase FLT3 spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in der Expansion hämatopoetischer Vorläuferzellen und wird auf leukämischen Blasten von > 90 % aller Patienten mit Akuter Myeloischer Leukämie (AML) exprimiert. Aktivierende FLT3-Mutationen stellen einen krankheitsspezifischen molekularen Marker dar und sind mit einer Inzidenz von 25 - 30 % die häufigsten genetischen Alterationen in der AML. Die Mutationen sind entweder Längenmutationen in der juxtamembranösen Region (FLT3-LM) oder Punktmutationen bzw. kleine Deletionen und/oder Insertionen in der Proteintyrosinkinase-Domäne (FLT3-TKD). Detaillierte Analysen in morphologisch und zytogenetisch definierten AML-Subgruppen konnten zeigen, dass FLT3-LM stark mit einem normalem Karyotyp oder t(15;17)/PML-RARA positiven AML assoziiert sind. Die FLT3-TKD Mutationen sind dagegen fast gleichmäßig über alle AML-Subgruppen verteilt. Der Nachweis einer FLT3-LM ist mit einer schlechteren Prognose assoziiert, wogegen für die FLT3-TKD-Mutationen keine prognostische Relevanz gezeigt werden konnte. Eine FLT3-LM kann während und nach der Therapie als Marker für eine minimale Resterkrankung (MRD) genutzt werden. Der Verlust des Wildtyp FLT3-Allels stellt einen weiteren negativ-prognostischen Faktor dar und findet sich gehäuft bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittener Erkrankung.
Aktivierende FLT3-Mutationen haben in In-vitro- und In-vivo-Modellsystemen ein transformierendes Potential und aktivieren spezifische mitogene Signalketten. Obwohl eine alleinige FLT3-LM im Mausmodell nicht zur Induktion eines AML-Phänotyps ausreichend ist, besitzt der aktivierte FLT3-Rezeptor in AML-Blasten eine essentielle pro-proliferative und anti-apoptotische Aktivität. Die Identifikation und Charakterisierung von selektiven FLT3-PTK-Inhibitoren mit In-vivo-Aktivität ermöglicht erstmals eine pathogenetisch orientierte molekulare Therapiestrategie bei Patienten mit AML, die zur Zeit in Phase I/II Studien evaluiert wird.
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K. Spiekermann
S. Schnittger
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