Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000071.xml
Download PDF
Semin Neurol 2005; 25(3): 252-261
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-917662
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-917662
Neuroparasitic Infections: Nematodes
Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
19 September 2005 (online)
ABSTRACT
Globalization has produced an increase in the number of people at risk for contracting parasitic infection. Central nervous system infection by nematodal parasites can be devastating. Early recognition and treatment of infection can significantly decrease morbidity of the parasitic infection, as well as the risk of secondary superinfection. The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment for five of the more common nematodal infections of the nervous system-Angiostrongylus spp., Baylisacaris procyonis, Gnathostoma spinigerum, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Toxocara spp.-is reviewed.
KEYWORDS
Parasite - nervous system - nematode
REFERENCES
- 1 Jindrak K. Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis (eosinophilic meningitis, Alicata's disease). Contemp Neurol Ser. 1975; 12 133-164
- 2 Chau T T, Thwaites G E, Chuong L V et al.. Headache and confusion: the dangers of a raw snail supper. Lancet. 2003; 361 1866
- 3 Andersen E, Gubler D J, Sorensen K et al.. First report of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Puerto Rico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986; 35 319-322
- 4 Slom T J, Cortese M M, Gerber S I et al.. An outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the Caribbean. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346 668-675
- 5 Weir E. Travel warning: eosinophilic meningitis caused by rat lungworm. CMAJ. 2002; 166 1184
- 6 Prociv P, Spratt D M, Carlisle M S. Neuro-angiostrongyliasis: unresolved issues. Int J Parasitol. 2000; 30 1295-1303
- 7 Hulbert T V, Larsen R A, Chandrasoma P T. Abdominal angiostrongyliasis mimicking acute appendicitis and Meckel's diverticulum: report of a case in the United States and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1992; 14 836-840
- 8 Patikulsila D, Ittipunkul N, Theerakittikul B. Intravitreal angiostrongyliasis: report of 2 cases. J Med Assoc Thai. 2003; 86 981-985
- 9 Alto W. Human infections with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Pac Health Dialog. 2001; 8 176-182
- 10 Clouston P D, Corbett A J, Pryor D S, Garrick R. Eosinophilic meningitis: cause of a chronic pain syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990; 53 778-781
- 11 Punyagupta S, Bunnag T, Juttijudata P, Rosen L. Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand: epidemiologic studies of 484 typical cases and the etiologic role of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1970; 19 950-958
- 12 Lo Re III V, Gluckman S J. Eosinophilic meningitis. Am J Med. 2003; 114 217-223
- 13 Wang X, Huang H, Dong Q et al.. A clinical study of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by angiostrongyliasis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2002; 115 1312-1315
- 14 Chye S M, Yen C M, Chen E R. Detection of circulating antigen by monoclonal antibodies for immunodiagnosis of angiostrongyliasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997; 56 408-412
- 15 Ellis-Pegler R, Parry G. Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 35 777-778
- 16 Tsai H C, Liu Y C, Kunin C M et al.. Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis associated with eating raw snails: correlation of brain magnetic resonance imaging scans with clinical findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003; 68 281-285
- 17 Kuberski T, Wallace G D. Clinical manifestations of eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Neurology. 1979; 29 1566-1570
- 18 Sorvillo F, Ash L R, Berlin O G, Morse S A. Baylisascaris procyonis: an emerging helminthic zoonosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002; 8 355-359
- 19 Roussere G P, Murray W J, Raudenbush C B et al.. Raccoon roundworm eggs near homes and risk for larva migrans disease, California communities. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9 1516-1522
- 20 Park S Y, Glaser C, Murray W J et al.. Raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) encephalitis: case report and field investigation. Pediatrics. 2000; 106 E56
- 21 Kazacos K R. Raccoon ascarids as a cause of larva migrans. Parasitol Today. 1986; 2 253-255
- 22 Gavin P J, Shulman S T. Raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis). Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003; 22 651-652
- 23 Fox A S, Kazacos K R, Gould N S et al.. Fatal eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and visceral larva migrans caused by the raccoon ascarid Baylisascaris procyonis. N Engl J Med. 1985; 312 1619-1623
- 24 Kazacos K R, Boyce W M. Baylisascaris larva migrans. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989; 195 894-903
- 25 Boschetti A, Kasznica J. Visceral larva migrans induced eosinophilic cardiac pseudotumor: a cause of sudden death in a child. J Forensic Sci. 1995; 40 1097-1099
- 26 Huff D S, Neafie R C, Binder M J et al.. Case 4: the first fatal Baylisascaris infection in humans-an infant with eosinophilic meningoencephalitis. Pediatr Pathol. 1984; 2 345-352
- 27 Mets M B, Noble A G, Basti S et al.. Eye findings of diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis and multiple choroidal infiltrates associated with neural larva migrans due to Baylisascaris procyonis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003; 135 888-890
- 28 CDC .DPDx Laboratory diagnosis of parasites of public health concern. Vol. 2003: Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. 2003
MissingFormLabel
- 29 Rowley H A, Uht R M, Kazacos K R et al.. Radiologic-pathologic findings in raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) encephalitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000; 21 415-420
- 30 Cunningham C K, Kazacos K R, McMillan J A et al.. Diagnosis and management of Baylisascaris procyonis infection in an infant with nonfatal meningoencephalitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1994; 18 868-872
- 31 Ching H L, Leighton B J, Stephen C. Intestinal parasites of raccoons (Procyon lotor) from southwest British Columbia. Can J Vet Res. 2000; 64 107-111
- 32 Rusnak J M, Lucey D R. Clinical gnathostomiasis: case report and review of the English-language literature. Clin Infect Dis. 1993; 16 33-50
- 33 Ogata K, Nawa Y, Akahane H et al.. Short report: gnathostomiasis in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998; 58 316-318
- 34 Sugaroon S, Wiwanitkit V. Gnathostoma infective stage larvae in swamp eels (Fluta alba) at a metropolitan market in Bangkok, Thailand. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2003; 33 94-96
- 35 Chen Q Q, Lin X M. A survey of epidemiology of Gnathostoma hispidum and experimental studies of its larvae in animals. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1991; 22 611-617
- 36 Moore D A, McCroddan J, Dekumyoy P, Chiodini P L. Gnathostomiasis: an emerging imported disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9 647-650
- 37 Crowley J J, Kim Y H. Cutaneous gnathostomiasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33 825-828
- 38 Saksirisampant W, Chawengkiattikul R, Kraivichain K, Nuchprayoon S. Specific IgE antibody responses to somatic and excretory-secretory antigens of third stage G. spinigerum larvae in human gnathostomiasis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2001; 84(suppl 1) S173-S181
- 39 Boongird P, Phuapradit P, Siridej N et al.. Neurological manifestations of gnathostomiasis. J Neurol Sci. 1977; 31 279-291
- 40 Brant-Zawadzki M, Wofsy C B, Schechter G. CT-evidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to presumed gnathostomiasis. West J Med. 1982; 137 65-67
- 41 Germann R, Schachtele M, Nessler G et al.. Cerebral gnathostomiasis as a cause of an extended intracranial bleeding. Klin Padiatr. 2003; 215 223-225
- 42 Punyagupta S, Bunnag T, Juttijudata P. Eosinophilic meningitis in Thailand: clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 162 patients with myeloencephalitis probably caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum. J Neurol Sci. 1990; 96 241-256
- 43 Nopparatana C, Setasuban P, Chaicumpa W, Tapchaisri P. Purification of Gnathostoma spinigerum specific antigen and immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Int J Parasitol. 1991; 21 677-687
- 44 Nontasut P, Bussaratid V, Chullawichit S et al.. Comparison of ivermectin and albendazole treatment for gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000; 31 374-377
- 45 Parola P. Gnathostomiasis. Lancet. 2001; 358 332
- 46 Morgello S, Soifer F M, Lin C S, Wolfe D E. Central nervous system Strongyloides stercoralis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1993; 86 285-288
- 47 Simpson W G, Gerhardstein D C, Thompson J R. Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis infection. South Med J. 1993; 86 821-825
- 48 McLarnon M, Ma P. Brain stem glioma complicated by Strongyloides stercoralis. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1981; 11 546-549
- 49 Thompson J R, Berger R. Fatal adult respiratory distress syndrome following successful treatment of pulmonary strongyloidiasis. Chest. 1991; 99 772-774
- 50 Gompels M M, Todd J, Peters B S et al.. Disseminated strongyloidiasis in AIDS: uncommon but important. AIDS. 1991; 5 329-332
- 51 Kothary N N, Muskie J M, Mathur S C. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection. Radiographics. 1999; 19 1077-1081
- 52 Robinson J, Ahmed Z, Siddiqui A et al.. A patient with persistent wheezing, sinusitis, elevated IgE, and eosinophilia. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999; 82 144-149
- 53 Arthur R P, Shelley W B. Larva currens: a distinctive variant of cutaneous larva migrans due to Strongyloides stercoralis. AMA Arch Derm. 1958; 78 186-190
- 54 Igra-Siegman Y, Kapila R, Sen P et al.. Syndrome of hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. Rev Infect Dis. 1981; 3 397-407
- 55 Wachter R M, Burke A M, MacGregor R R. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection masquerading as cerebral vasculitis. Arch Neurol. 1984; 41 1213-1216
- 56 Smallman L A, Young J A, Shortland-Webb W R et al.. Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfestation syndrome with Escherichia coli meningitis: report of two cases. J Clin Pathol. 1986; 39 366-370
- 57 Silva L P, Barcelos I S, Passos-Lima A B et al.. Western blotting using Strongyloides ratti antigen for the detection of IgG antibodies as confirmatory test in human strongyloidiasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2003; 98 687-691
- 58 Siddiqui A A, Berk S L. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33 1040-1047
- 59 Masdeu J C, Tantulavanich S, Gorelick P P et al.. Brain abscess caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. Arch Neurol. 1982; 39 62-63
- 60 Gann P H, Neva F A, Gam A A. A randomized trial of single- and two-dose ivermectin versus thiabendazole for treatment of strongyloidiasis. J Infect Dis. 1994; 169 1076-1079
- 61 Genta R M. Global prevalence of strongyloidiasis: critical review with epidemiologic insights into the prevention of disseminated disease. Rev Infect Dis. 1989; 11 755-767
- 62 Magnaval J F, Galindo V, Glickman L T, Clanet M. Human Toxocara infection of the central nervous system and neurological disorders: a case-control study. Parasitology. 1997; 115 537-543
- 63 Overgaauw P A. Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: human toxocarosis. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1997; 23 215-231
- 64 Wolfe A, Wright I P. Human toxocariasis and direct contact with dogs. Vet Rec. 2003; 152 419-422
- 65 Chomel B B, Kasten R, Adams C et al.. Serosurvey of some major zoonotic infections in children and teenagers in Bali, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1993; 24 321-326
- 66 Bundy D A, Thompson D E, Robertson B D, Cooper E S. Age-relationships of Toxocara canis seropositivity and geohelminth infection prevalence in two communities in St. Lucia, West Indies. Trop Med Parasitol. 1987; 38 309-312
- 67 Despommier D. Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003; 16 265-272
- 68 Del Prete G, Ricci M, Romagnani S. T cells, IgE antibodies, cytokines and allergic inflammation. Allerg Immunol (Paris). 1991; 23 239-243
- 69 Pawlowski Z. Toxocariasis in humans: clinical expression and treatment dilemma. J Helminthol. 2001; 75 299-305
- 70 Schochet S S. Human Toxocara canis encephalopathy in a case of visceral larva migrans. Neurology. 1967; 17 227-229
- 71 Komiyama A, Hasegawa O, Nakamura S et al.. Optic neuritis in cerebral toxocariasis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995; 59 197-198
- 72 Shields J A, Parsons H M, Shields C L, Shah P. Lesions simulating retinoblastoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1991; 28 338-340
- 73 Hill I R, Denham D A, Scholtz C L. Toxocara canis larvae in the brain of a British child. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985; 79 351-354
- 74 Boes J, Helwigh A B. Animal models of intestinal nematode infections of humans. Parasitology. 2000; 121(suppl) S97-S111
- 75 Magnaval J F, Fabre R, Maurieres P et al.. Evaluation of an immunoenzymatic assay detecting specific anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin E for diagnosis and post treatment follow-up of human toxocariasis. J Clin Microbiol. 1992; 30 2269-2274
- 76 Xinou E, Lefkopoulos A, Gelagoti M et al.. CT and MR imaging findings in cerebral toxocaral disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003; 24 714-718
- 77 Magnaval J F. Comparative efficacy of diethylcarbamazine and mebendazole for the treatment of human toxocariasis. Parasitology. 1995; 110 529-533
- 78 Taylor M R. The epidemiology of ocular toxocariasis. J Helminthol. 2001; 75 109-118
Joseph R ZuntM.D. M.P.H.
Department of Neurology, Harborview Medical Center
Box 359775, 325 Ninth Avenue South
Seattle, WA 98104