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DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-924934
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Traditionelle Metformin-Kontraindikationen - mehr Schaden als Nutzen?[1]
Currently listed contraindications to the use of metformin - more harmful than beneficial?Publication History
eingereicht: 12.8.2005
akzeptiert: 5.12.2005
Publication Date:
17 January 2006 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Aus Furcht vor Laktazidosen schließen die gegenwärtigen Metformin-Kontraindikationen eine Vielzahl von Typ-2-Diabetikern von einer effektiven antihyperglykämischen und kardiovaskulär protektiven Therapie aus. Jüngste Daten stellen jedoch die traditionellen Kontraindikationen für Metformin infrage. Da die Inzidenz von Laktazidosen bei Typ-2-Diabetikern mit und ohne Metformin-Therapie mit jeweils ca. 9 pro 100 000 Patientenjahren identisch ist, besteht keine Evidenz, dass eine Metformin-Therapie mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Laktazidosen assoziiert ist. Ebenso wurde trotz häufiger Missachtung gravierender Metformin-Kontraindikationen keine korrespondierende Steigerung der Inzidenz von Laktazidosen registriert. Die Metformin-Therapie bei älteren multimorbiden Diabetikern mit expliziten Kontraindikationen führte zu signifikant günstigeren klinischen Parametern als bei der Kontrollgruppe ohne Metformin. Laktazidosen fanden sich nicht, bezüglich der Progression einer Niereninsuffizienz, patientenorientierter Endpunkte und der Gesamtmortalität ergaben sich keine Unterschiede.
Gegenüber seinen Vorgängersubstanzen Phenformin und Buformin hat Metformin eine erheblich geringere Lipophilie und kürzere Plasmahalbwertszeit, es wird in unveränderter Form renal eliminiert. Bei Metformin-therapierten Typ-2-Diabetikern - selbst bei über 70-jährigen und Niereninsuffizienten im Stadium der kompensierten Retention - konnten keine relevanten Erhöhungen der Laktatspiegel nachgewiesen werden. Bei Laktazidosen wiesen Metformin- und Laktatspiegel keine Korrelationen auf, für die Prognose sind weder die Höhe der Metformin- noch Laktat-Serumkonzentration als vielmehr die ursächliche hypoxische Grunderkrankung und Komorbidität entscheidend. Diese Befunde lassen an der pathogenetischen Bedeutung von Metformin bei Laktazidosen Zweifel aufkommen. Aufgrund der aktuellen Datenlage sind zumindest höheres Lebensalter sowie die kompensierte Nieren- und Myokardinsuffizienz als Kontraindikationen für Metformin nicht mehr aufrechtzuerhalten. Das Absetzen von Metformin bereits zwei Tage vor Anwendung von i. v.-Kontrastmitteln bzw. Operationen mit Allgemeinanästhesie ist unnötig, die letzte Applikation kann am Vorabend des Eingriffs erfolgen.
Summary
For fear of lactic acidosis the currently listed contraindications to the use of metformin exclude a large number of people with type 2 diabetes from efficacious antihyperglycaemic and cardioprotective treatment. Yet recent data call the traditional contraindications to metformin into question. As the incidence of lactic acidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes is the same with or without metformin therapy (about 9 per 100000 patient years) there is no evidence that metformin therapy is associated with an increased risk of lactic acidosis. Similarly, despite disregard internationally of major metformin contraindications, there has been no corresponding increase in the incidence of lactic acidosis. Metformin treatment of elderly diabetics with multiple comorbidities and explicit contraindications has led to significantly better clinical parameters in them than in the control group without metformin; and there were no cases of lactic acidosis. The two groups did not differ with regard to progression of renal failure, patient-oriented endpoints or overall mortality.
Compared with its predecessors phenformin and buformin, metformin is considerably less lipophilic and has a shorter plasma half-life; it is eliminated renally in unchanged form. In type 2 diabetics treated with metformin - even those over 70 years of age and those in mild renal failure - no relevant increases in lactate levels were found. In patients with lactic acidosis there was no correlation between the levels of metformin and lactate. The prognosis of lactic acidosis is determined less by the serum concentrations of metformin and lactate than by the hypoxia caused by the underlying disease and comorbidities. These findings raise doubts about the significance of metformin in the pathogenesis of lactic acidosis.
On the basis of the current data, advanced age per se, mild renal impairment and stable heart failure can no longer be upheld as contraindications to the use of metformin. It should be safe to withdraw metformin the evening before radiological examinations with intravenous contrast media or surgical procedures under general anaesthesia in diabetics with normal renal function.
1 Teile dieser Arbeit wurden bereits in Diabetologia 2005 Nov 11;1-6 PMID: 16283245 veröffentlicht.
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