Download PDF
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 27(6): 574-580
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-957329
Published by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Host-Environment Interactions in Pulmonary Fibrosis

Stavros Garantziotis1 , 2 , David A. Schwartz2
  • 1Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
  • 2National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
29 December 2006 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive scarring disease of the pulmonary parenchyma, leading to respiratory failure and death. Several epidemiological and theoretical observations link the pathogenesis of this disease to environmental injury to the lungs. We discuss the theoretical framework of this hypothesis and we present data in support of the concept that genetic and nongenetic host susceptibility may interact with repetitive environmental injury to lead to IPF.

KEYWORDS

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - host susceptibility - environmental triggers

REFERENCES

  • 1 Car B D, Meloni F, Luisetti M, Semenzato G, Gialdroni-Grassi G, Walz A. Elevated IL-8 and MCP-1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary sarcoidosis.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;  149(3 Pt 1) 655-659
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Southcott A M, Jones K P, Li D et al.. Interleukin-8: differential expression in lone fibrosing alveolitis and systemic sclerosis.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;  151 1604-1612
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Tsoutsou P G, Gourgoulianis K I, Petinaki E et al.. Cytokine levels in the sera of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.  Respir Med. 2006;  100 938-945 , Epub 2005 Oct 2019
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Ziegenhagen M W, Zabel P, Zissel G, Schlaak M, Muller-Quernheim J. Serum level of interleukin 8 is elevated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and indicates disease activity.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;  157(3 Pt 1) 762-768
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Adams P F, Hendershot G E, Marano M A. Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1996.  Vital Health Stat 10. 1999;  200 1-203
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Garantziotis S, Steele M P, Schwartz D A. Pulmonary fibrosis: thinking outside of the lung.  J Clin Invest. 2004;  114 319-321
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Baumgartner K B, Samet J M, Stidley C A, Colby T V, Waldron J A. Cigarette smoking: a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;  155 242-248
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Hubbard R, Lewis S, Richards K, Johnston I, Britton J. Occupational exposure to metal or wood dust and aetiology of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis.  Lancet. 1996;  347 284-289
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Hubbard R, Cooper M, Antoniak M et al.. Risk of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in metal workers.  Lancet. 2000;  355 466-467
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Iwai K, Mori T, Yamada N, Yamaguchi M, Hosoda Y. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: epidemiologic approaches to occupational exposure.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;  150 670-675
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Coultas D B, Zumwalt R E, Black W C, Sobonya R E. The epidemiology of interstitial lung diseases.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;  150 967-972
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Johnston I, Britton J, Kinnear W, Logan R. Rising mortality from cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis.  BMJ. 1990;  301 1017-1021
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Selikoff I J, Hammond E C, Seidman H. Mortality experience of insulation workers in the United States and Canada, 1943-1976.  Ann NY Acad Sci. 1979;  330 91-116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Marshall R P, Puddicombe A, Cookson W O, Laurent G J. Adult familial cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in the United Kingdom.  Thorax. 2000;  55 143-146
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Steele M P, Speer M C, Loyd J E et al.. Clinical and pathologic features of familial interstitial pneumonia.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;  172 1146-1152 , Epub 2005 Aug 1118
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 American Thoracic Society . Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. International consensus statement. American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS).  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;  161(2 Pt 1) 646-664
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Rossi G A, Szapiel S, Ferrans V J, Crystal R G. Susceptibility to experimental interstitial lung disease is modified by immune- and non-immune-related genes.  Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;  135 448-455
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Callis A H, Sohnle P G, Mandel G S, Wiessner J, Mandel N S. Kinetics of inflammatory and fibrotic pulmonary changes in a murine model of silicosis.  J Lab Clin Med. 1985;  105 547-553
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Reinhard M C, Mirand E A, Goltz H L, Hoffman J G. Mouse-strain differences in response to radiation.  Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1954;  85 367-370
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Schwartz D A, Van Fossen D S, Davis C S et al.. Determinants of progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;  149(2 Pt 1) 444-449
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Pleis J R, Schiller J S, Benson V. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2000.  Vital Health Stat 10. 2003;  215 1-132
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Adams P F, Schoenborn C A, Moss A J, Warren C W, Kann L. Health-risk behaviors among our nation's youth: United States, 1992.  Vital Health Stat 10. 1995;  192 1-51
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Glazer C S, Newman L S. Occupational interstitial lung disease.  Clin Chest Med. 2004;  25 467-478
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Baumgartner K B, Samet J M, Coultas D B et al.. Occupational and environmental risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a multicenter case-control study. Collaborating Centers.  Am J Epidemiol. 2000;  152 307-315
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Yokoyama T et al.. Occupational and environmental factors and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Japan.  Ann Occup Hyg. 2005;  49 259-265 , Epub 2005 Jan 2007
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Rimal B, Greenberg A K, Rom W N. Basic pathogenetic mechanisms in silicosis: current understanding.  Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2005;  11 169-173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Dai J, Gilks B, Price K, Churg A. Mineral dusts directly induce epithelial and interstitial fibrogenic mediators and matrix components in the airway wall.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;  158 1907-1913
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Hubbs A F, Minhas N S, Jones W et al.. Comparative pulmonary toxicity of 6 abrasive blasting agents.  Toxicol Sci. 2001;  61 135-143
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Schapira R M, Ghio A J, Effros R M et al.. Hydroxyl radical production and lung injury in the rat following silica or titanium dioxide instillation in vivo.  Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1995;  12 220-226
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Tang Y W, Johnson J E, Browning P J et al.. Herpesvirus DNA is consistently detected in lungs of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.  J Clin Microbiol. 2003;  41 2633-2640
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Yonemaru M, Kasuga I, Kusumoto H et al.. Elevation of antibodies to cytomegalovirus and other herpes viruses in pulmonary fibrosis.  Eur Respir J. 1997;  10 2040-2045
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Egan J J, Stewart J P, Hasleton P S, Arrand J R, Carroll K B, Woodcock A A. Epstein-Barr virus replication within pulmonary epithelial cells in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis.  Thorax. 1995;  50 1234-1239
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Stewart J P, Egan J J, Ross A J et al.. The detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;  159(4 Pt 1) 1336-1341
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Cohen J I. Benign and malignant Epstein-Barr virus-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases.  Semin Hematol. 2003;  40 116-123
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Dawson C W, Rickinson A B, Young L S. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein inhibits human epithelial cell differentiation.  Nature. 1990;  344 777-780
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Tsukamoto K, Hayakawa H, Sato A, Chida K, Nakamura H, Miura K. Involvement of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 in disease progression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.  Thorax. 2000;  55 958-961
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Lok S S, Haider Y, Howell D, Stewart J P, Hasleton P S, Egan J J. Murine gammaherpes virus as a cofactor in the development of pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin resistant mice.  Eur Respir J. 2002;  20 1228-1232
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Mora A L, Woods C R, Garcia A et al.. Lung infection with gamma-herpesvirus induces progressive pulmonary fibrosis in Th2-biased mice.  Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005;  289 L711-721 , Epub 2005 Feb 2025
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Ulloa L, Doody J, Massague J. Inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta/SMAD signalling by the interferon-gamma/STAT pathway.  Nature. 1999;  397 710-713
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Chung M P, Monick M M, Hamzeh N Y, Butler N S, Powers L S, Hunninghake G W. Role of repeated lung injury and genetic background in bleomycin-induced fibrosis.  Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003;  29(3 Pt 1) 375-380 , Epub 2003 Apr 2003
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Ueda T, Ohta K, Suzuki N et al.. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and high prevalence of serum antibodies to hepatitis C virus.  Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;  146 266-268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Ferri C, La Civita L, Fazzi P et al.. Interstitial lung fibrosis and rheumatic disorders in patients with hepatitis C virus infection.  Br J Rheumatol. 1997;  36 360-365
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Irving W L, Day S, Johnston I D. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hepatitis C virus infection.  Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;  148(6 Pt 1) 1683-1684
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Idilman R, Cetinkaya H, Savas I et al.. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in individuals with chronic hepatitis C.  J Med Virol. 2002;  66 34-39
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Yamaguchi S, Kubo K, Fujimoto K, Honda T, Sekiguchi M, Sodeyama T. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with chronic hepatitis C before and after treatment with interferon alpha.  Thorax. 1997;  52 33-37
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Kuwano K, Nomoto Y, Kunitake R et al.. Detection of adenovirus E1A DNA in pulmonary fibrosis using nested polymerase chain reaction.  Eur Respir J. 1997;  10 1445-1449
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Hubbard R, Venn A, Smith C, Cooper M, Johnston I, Britton J. Exposure to commonly prescribed drugs and the etiology of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: a case-control study.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;  157(3 Pt 1) 743-747
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Musk A W, Pollard J A. Pindolol and pulmonary fibrosis.  BMJ. 1979;  2 581-582
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Erwteman T M, Braat M C, van Aken W G. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis: a new side effect of practolol.  BMJ. 1977;  2 297-298
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Zevin S, Benowitz N L. Drug interactions with tobacco smoking: an update.  Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999;  36 425-438
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Patti M G, Tedesco P, Golden J et al.. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: how often is it really idiopathic?.  J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;  9 1053-1056 discussion 1056-1058
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Raghu G, Freudenberger T D, Yang S et al.. High prevalence of abnormal acid gastro-oesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.  Eur Respir J. 2006;  27 136-142
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Tobin R W, Pope II C E, Pellegrini C A, Emond M J, Sillery J, Raghu G. Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;  158 1804-1808
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Brennan N J, Morris A J, Green M. Thoracoabdominal mechanics during tidal breathing in normal subjects and in emphysema and fibrosing alveolitis.  Thorax. 1983;  38 62-66
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Todisco T. Thoracoabdominal mechanics in dyspnea.  Respiration. 1981;  42 77-83
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Schwartz D J, Wynne J W, Gibbs C P, Hood C I, Kuck E J. The pulmonary consequences of aspiration of gastric contents at pH values greater than 2.5  Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980;  121 119-126
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Popper H, Juettner F, Pinter J. The gastric juice aspiration syndrome (Mendelson syndrome): aspects of pathogenesis and treatment in the pig.  Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1986;  409 105-117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Raghu G, Yang S T, Spada C, Hayes J, Pellegrini C A. Sole treatment of acid gastroesophageal reflux in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a case series.  Chest. 2006;  129 794-800
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Turner-Warwick M, Burrows B, Johnson A. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: clinical features and their influence on survival.  Thorax. 1980;  35 171-180
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Carrington C B, Gaensler E A, Coutu R E, FitzGerald M X, Gupta R G. Natural history and treated course of usual and desquamative interstitial pneumonia.  N Engl J Med. 1978;  298 801-809
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Crystal R G, Fulmer J D, Roberts W C, Moss M L, Line B R, Reynolds H Y. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: clinical, histologic, radiographic, physiologic, scintigraphic, cytologic, and biochemical aspects.  Ann Intern Med. 1976;  85 769-788
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Hubbard R, Venn A. The impact of coexisting connective tissue disease on survival in patients with fibrosing alveolitis.  Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;  41 676-679
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Bouros D, Wells A U, Nicholson A G et al.. Histopathologic subsets of fibrosing alveolitis in patients with systemic sclerosis and their relationship to outcome.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;  165 1581-1586
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Dong C, Zhu S, Wang T et al.. Deficient Smad7 expression: a putative molecular defect in scleroderma.  Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;  99 3908-3913
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Kikuchi K, Kadono T, Ihn H et al.. Growth regulation in scleroderma fibroblasts: increased response to transforming growth factor-beta 1.  J Invest Dermatol. 1995;  105 128-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Nicholson A G, Florio R, Hansell D M et al.. Pulmonary involvement by Niemann-Pick disease: a report of six cases.  Histopathology. 2006;  48 596-603
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Mendelson D S, Wasserstein M P, Desnick R J et al.. Type B Niemann-Pick disease: findings at chest radiography, thin-section CT, and pulmonary function testing.  Radiology. 2006;  238 339-345 , Epub 2005 Nov 2022
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Knight S, Vulliamy T, Copplestone A, Gluckman E, Mason P, Dokal I. Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC) Registry: identification of new features of DC.  Br J Haematol. 1998;  103 990-996
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Lawson W E, Grant S W, Ambrosini V et al.. Genetic mutations in surfactant protein C are a rare cause of sporadic cases of IPF.  Thorax. 2004;  59 977-980
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Lawson W E, Polosukhin V V, Stathopoulos G T et al.. Increased and prolonged pulmonary fibrosis in surfactant protein C-deficient mice following intratracheal bleomycin.  Am J Pathol. 2005;  167 1267-1277
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Thomas A Q, Lane K, Phillips III J et al.. Heterozygosity for a surfactant protein C gene mutation associated with usual interstitial pneumonitis and cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in one kindred.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;  165 1322-1328
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Liu T, Hu B, Chung M J, Ullenbruch M, Jin H, Phan S H. Telomerase regulation of myofibroblast differentiation.  Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006;  34 625-633 , Epub 2006 Jan 2019
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Collins K, Mitchell J R. Telomerase in the human organism.  Oncogene. 2002;  21 564-579
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Mu X C, Staiano-Coico L, Higgins P J. Increased transcription and modified growth state-dependent expression of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 gene characterize the senescent phenotype in human diploid fibroblasts.  J Cell Physiol. 1998;  174 90-98
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Mu X C, Higgins P J. Differential growth state-dependent regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 expression in senescent IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts.  J Cell Physiol. 1995;  165 647-657
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar

David A SchwartzM.D. M.P.H. 

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program

P.O. Box 12233, MD:B2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233

Email: schwartzd@niehs.nih.gov

      >