Abstract
The concept of intramolecular radical ion cyclization reactions by photoinduced electron
transfer (PET) is a powerful tool for constructing complex carbocyclic and heterocyclic
ring systems. In this account we describe our earlier investigations in this field
followed by the development of new approaches to the synthesis of polycyclic compounds.
Radical ions generated by single-electron transfer (SET) from suitable neutral molecules
are used as decisive intermediates in a wide range of interesting cyclization processes
and reactions. Various synthetic strategies are presented involving radical anionic
or radical cationic species generated by reductive and oxidative PET, respectively.
Key words
oxidative photoinduced electron transfer - reductive photoinduced electron transfer
- PET - cyclopropyl silyl ethers - silyl enol ethers - tandem rearrangement-cyclization
reactions - cyclopropyl ketones
References and Notes
<A NAME="RA43606ST-1A">1a </A>
Giese B.
C-Radicals, In Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie
Vol. E19a:
Regitz M.
Giese B.
Georg Thieme Verlag;
Stuttgart:
1989.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-1B">1b </A>
Renaud P.
Sibi MP.
Radicals in Organic Synthesis
Wiley-VCH;
Weinheim:
2001.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-1C">1c </A>
Linker T.
Schmittel M.
Radikale und Radikalionen in der Organischen Synthese
Wiley-VCH;
Weinheim:
1998.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-1D">1d </A>
Curran DP.
Synthesis
1988,
417
<A NAME="RA43606ST-1E">1e </A>
Hintz S.
Heidbreder A.
Mattay J.
Top. Curr. Chem.
1996,
177:
77
<A NAME="RA43606ST-2A">2a </A>
Curran DP.
Chen M.-H.
Kim D.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1986,
108:
2489
<A NAME="RA43606ST-2B">2b </A>
Curran DP.
Chen M.-H.
Kim D.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1989,
111:
6265
<A NAME="RA43606ST-2C">2c </A>
Curran DP.
Seong CM.
Tetrahedron
1992,
48:
2157
<A NAME="RA43606ST-2D">2d </A>
Curran DP.
Seong CM.
Tetrahedron
1992,
48:
2175
<A NAME="RA43606ST-3A">3a </A>
Giese B.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1983,
22:
753 ; Angew. Chem. 1983 , 95 , 771
<A NAME="RA43606ST-3B">3b </A>
Giese B.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1985,
24:
553 ; Angew. Chem. 1985 , 97 , 555
<A NAME="RA43606ST-3C">3c </A>
Giese B.
Radicals in Organic Synthesis: Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds
Pergamon Press;
Oxford:
1986.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-4A">4a </A>
Electron Transfer in Chemistry
Vol. 1-5:
Balzani V.
Wiley-VCH;
Weinheim:
2001.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-4B">4b </A>
Electron Transfer I and II In Top. Curr. Chem.
Mattay J.
Springer;
Berlin:
1996.
Vol. 169 and 177:
<A NAME="RA43606ST-4C">4c </A>
Eberson L.
Electron Transfer Reactions in Organic Chemistry
Springer;
Heidelberg:
1987.
The phrase ‘light as a traceless reagent’ has been used on various occasions such
as symposia by different authors, for example by Richard Givens (University of Kansas).
In the literature it was used by the author of this account, for example in
<A NAME="RA43606ST-5A">5a </A>
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
2006,
45:
3570 and
<A NAME="RA43606ST-5B">5b </A>
Chem. Unserer Zeit
2002,
36:
98
<A NAME="RA43606ST-6A">6a </A>
Fox MA.
Chanon M.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer, Parts A-D
Elsevier;
Amsterdam:
1988.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-6B">6b </A>
Kavarnos J.
Turro NJ.
Chem. Rev.
1986,
86:
401
<A NAME="RA43606ST-6C">6c </A>
Kavarnos J.
Fundamentals of Photoinduced Electron Transfer
VCH;
Weinheim:
1993.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-6D">6d </A>
Mariano PS.
Advances in Electron Transfer Chemistry, Vol. 1-5
JAI;
Greenwich, USA:
1991-1995.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-6F">6f </A>
Cossy J.
Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr.
1994,
131:
344
<A NAME="RA43606ST-7A">7a </A>
Mattay J.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1987,
26:
825 ; Angew. Chem. 1987 , 99 , 849
<A NAME="RA43606ST-7B">7b </A>
Mattay J.
Synthesis
1989,
233
<A NAME="RA43606ST-8A">8a </A>
Marcus RA.
J. Chem. Phys.
1956,
24:
966
<A NAME="RA43606ST-8B">8b </A>
Marcus RA.
Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.
1964,
15:
155
<A NAME="RA43606ST-8C">8c </A>
Marcus RA.
Sutin N.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
1985,
811:
265
<A NAME="RA43606ST-9A">9a </A>
Rehm D.
Weller A.
Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem.
1969,
73:
834
<A NAME="RA43606ST-9B">9b </A>
Rehm D.
Weller A.
Isr. J. Chem.
1970,
8:
259
<A NAME="RA43606ST-9C">9c </A>
Weller A.
Pure Appl. Chem.
1982,
54:
1885
<A NAME="RA43606ST-10">10 </A> For an introduction into theoretical models and a historical overview of electron
transfer, see:
Newton ND. In Electron Transfer in Chemistry
Vol. 1:
Balzani V.
Piotrowiak P.
Wiley-VCH;
Weinheim:
2001.
p.3
<A NAME="RA43606ST-11">11 </A>
Ledwith A.
Acc. Chem. Res.
1972,
5:
133
<A NAME="RA43606ST-12">12 </A>
Neuenteufel RA.
Arnold DR.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1972,
95:
4080
<A NAME="RA43606ST-13A">13a </A>
Mariano PS.
Stavinoha J. In
Synthetic Organic Photochemistry
Horspool WM.
Plenum Press;
New York:
1984.
p.259
<A NAME="RA43606ST-14">14 </A>
Calhoun GC.
Schuster GB.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1986,
108:
8021
<A NAME="RA43606ST-15">15 </A>
Mlcoch J.
Steckhan E.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1985,
24:
412 ; Angew. Chem. 1985 , 97 , 429
<A NAME="RA43606ST-16">16 </A>
Oelgemöller M.
Griesbeck AG. In
CRC Handbook of Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology
2nd ed.:
Horspool WM.
Lenci F.
CRC Press;
Boca Raton:
2004. 84- p.1-84-19
<A NAME="RA43606ST-17A">17a </A>
Hoffmann N.
Bertrand S.
Marinkoviæ S.
Pesch J.
Pure Appl. Chem.
2006,
2227
<A NAME="RA43606ST-17B">17b </A>
Marinkoviæ S.
Hoffmann N.
Eur. J. Org. Chem.
2004,
3102
<A NAME="RA43606ST-17C">17c </A>
Brulé C.
Hoffmann N.
Tetrahedron Lett.
2002,
43:
69
<A NAME="RA43606ST-17D">17d </A>
Bertrand S.
Hoffmann N.
Humbel S.
Pete JP.
J. Org. Chem.
2000,
65:
8690
<A NAME="RA43606ST-18A">18a </A>
Müller F.
Mattay J.
Chem. Rev.
1993,
93:
99
<A NAME="RA43606ST-18B">18b </A>
Rinderhagen H.
Schmoldt P.
Mattay J. In Molecular and Supramolecular Photochemistry
Vol. 9:
Ramamurthy V.
Schanze K.
M. Dekker;
New York:
2003.
p.185-225
<A NAME="RA43606ST-18C">18c </A>
Bunte JO.
Mattay J. In
CRC Handbook of Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology
2nd ed.:
Horspool WM.
Lenci F.
CRC Press;
Boca Raton:
2004.
p.10-1-10-19
<A NAME="RA43606ST-18D">18d </A>
Oelgemöller M.
Bunte JO.
Mattay J. In
Molecular and Supramolecular Photochemistry
Vol. 12:
Griesbeck AG.
Mattay J.
M. Dekker;
New York:
2005.
p.269-297
<A NAME="RA43606ST-19">19 </A>
Schmittel M.
Ghorai MK. In Electron Transfer in Chemistry
Vol. 2:
Balzani V.
Mattay J.
Wiley-VCH;
Weinheim:
2001.
p.5-54
<A NAME="RA43606ST-20">20 </A>
Electron Transfer in Chemistry
Vol. 2:
Balzani V.
Mattay J.
Wiley-VCH;
Weinheim:
2001.
Chap. 1-9.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-21A">21a </A>
Hintz S.
Mattay J.
van Eldik R.
Fu W.-F.
Eur. J. Org. Chem.
1998,
1583
<A NAME="RA43606ST-21B">21b </A>
Ackermann L.
Heidbreder A.
Wurche F.
Klärner F.-G.
Mattay J.
J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2
1999,
863
<A NAME="RA43606ST-22A">22a </A>
Murov SL.
Carmichael I.
Hug GL. In Handbook of Photochemistry
2nd ed.:
M. Dekker;
New York:
1993.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-22B">22b </A>
Montalti M.
Credi A.
Prodi L.
Gandolfi MT. In Handbook of Photochemistry
Vol. 3:
CRC Taylor & Francis;
Boca Raton:
2006.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-23">23 </A>
Griesbeck AG.
Schieffer S. In Electron Transfer in Chemistry
Vol. 2:
Balzani V.
Mattay J.
Wiley-VCH;
Weinheim:
2001.
p.457-493
<A NAME="RA43606ST-24">24 </A>
Belotti D.
Cossy J.
Pete J.-P.
Portella C.
J. Org. Chem.
1986,
51:
4196
<A NAME="RA43606ST-25A">25a </A>
Heidbreder A.
Mattay J.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1992,
33:
1973
<A NAME="RA43606ST-25B">25b </A>
Heidbreder A.
PhD Thesis
University of Münster;
Germany:
1994.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-26">26 </A>
Albrecht E.
Averdung J.
Bischof EW.
Heidbreder A.
Kirschberg T.
Müller F.
Mattay J.
J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem.
1994,
82:
219
<A NAME="RA43606ST-27A">27a </A>
Rinderhagen H.
Mattay J.
Chem. Eur. J.
2004,
10:
851
<A NAME="RA43606ST-27B">27b </A>
Rinderhagen H.
Waske P.
Mattay J.
Tetrahedron
2006,
62:
6589
<A NAME="RA43606ST-28">28 </A>
Majima T.
Pac C.
Nakasone A.
Sakurai H.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1981,
103:
4499
<A NAME="RA43606ST-29">29 </A>
Mattay J.
Vondenhof M.
Top. Curr. Chem.
1991,
159:
219
<A NAME="RA43606ST-30">30 </A>
Kirschberg T.
Mattay J.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1994,
35:
7217
<A NAME="RA43606ST-31">31 </A>
Cossy J.
Belotti D.
Tetrahedron
2006,
62:
6459
<A NAME="RA43606ST-32">32 </A>
Cossy J.
Belotti D.
Pete JP.
Tetrahedron
1990,
46:
1859
<A NAME="RA43606ST-33">33 </A>
Cossy J.
Belotti D.
Leblanc C.
J. Org. Chem.
1993,
58:
2351
<A NAME="RA43606ST-34A">34a </A>
Baldwin JE.
J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.
1976,
734
<A NAME="RA43606ST-34B">34b </A>
Beckwith ALJ.
Tetrahedron
1981,
37:
3073
<A NAME="RA43606ST-34C">34c </A>
Beckwith ALJ.
Schiesser CH.
Tetrahedron
1985,
41:
3925
<A NAME="RA43606ST-34D">34d </A>
Surzur JM. In Reactive Intermediates
Vol. 2:
Abramovitch RA.
Plenum Press;
New York:
1983.
p.164
<A NAME="RA43606ST-35A">35a </A>
Pandey G.
Hajra S.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1994,
33:
1169 ; Angew. Chem. 1994 , 106 , 1217
<A NAME="RA43606ST-35B">35b </A>
Pandey G.
Hajra S.
Ghorai MK.
Kumar KR.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1997,
119:
8777
<A NAME="RA43606ST-35C">35c </A>
Pandey G.
Hajra S.
Ghorai MK.
J. Org. Chem.
1997,
62:
5966
<A NAME="RA43606ST-36A">36a </A>
Shono T.
Nishigushi I.
Ohmizu H.
Chem. Lett.
1976,
1233
<A NAME="RA43606ST-36B">36b </A>
Pattenden G.
Robertson GM.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1983,
24:
4617
<A NAME="RA43606ST-36C">36c </A>
Pattenden G.
Robertson GM.
Tetrahedron
1985,
41:
4001
<A NAME="RA43606ST-36D">36d </A>
Little RD.
Fox DP.
Hijfte LV.
Dannecker R.
Sowell G.
Wolin RL.
Moëns L.
Baizer MM.
J. Org. Chem.
1988,
53:
2287
<A NAME="RA43606ST-36E">36e </A>
Shono T.
Kise N.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1990,
31:
1303
<A NAME="RA43606ST-37A">37a </A>
Pradhan SK.
Radhakrishnan TV.
Subramanian R.
J. Org. Chem.
1976,
41:
1943
<A NAME="RA43606ST-37B">37b </A>
Pradhan SK.
Kadam SR.
Kolhe JN.
Radhakrishnan TV.
Sohani SV.
Thaker VB.
J. Org. Chem.
1981,
46:
2622
<A NAME="RA43606ST-37C">37c </A>
Pradhan SK.
Kadam SR.
Kolhe JN.
J. Org. Chem.
1981,
46:
2633
<A NAME="RA43606ST-38">38 </A>
Coates RM.
Senter PD.
Baker WR.
J. Org. Chem.
1982,
47:
3597
<A NAME="RA43606ST-39A">39a </A>
Molander GA.
Chem. Rev.
1992,
92:
29
<A NAME="RA43606ST-39B">39b </A>
Molander GA.
McKie JA.
J. Org. Chem.
1995,
60:
872
<A NAME="RA43606ST-39C">39c </A>
Molander GA.
Harris CR.
Tetrahedron
1998,
54:
3321
<A NAME="RA43606ST-39D">39d </A>
Kakiuchi K.
Fujioka Y.
Yamamura H.
Tsutsumi K.
Morimoto T.
Kurosawa H.
Tetrahedron Lett.
2001,
42:
7595
<A NAME="RA43606ST-40">40 </A>
Corey EJ.
Pyne SG.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1983,
24:
2821
<A NAME="RA43606ST-41">41 </A>
Motherwell WB.
Batey RA.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1991,
32:
6649
<A NAME="RA43606ST-42">42 </A>
Shono T.
Nishigushi I.
Ohmizu H.
Mitani M.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1978,
100:
545
<A NAME="RA43606ST-43">43 </A>
Cossy J.
Aclinou P.
Belosta V.
Furet N.
Branne-Lafont J.
Sparfel D.
Souchaud C.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1991,
32:
1315
<A NAME="RA43606ST-44">44 </A>
Bischof EW.
Mattay J.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1990,
31:
7137
<A NAME="RA43606ST-45A">45a </A>
Kirschberg T.
Mattay J.
J. Org. Chem.
1996,
61:
8885
<A NAME="RA43606ST-45B">45b </A>
Kirschberg T.
PhD Thesis
University of Münster;
Germany:
1995.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-46">46 </A>
Corey EJ.
Chaycovsky M.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1965,
87:
1353
<A NAME="RA43606ST-47">47 </A>
Viehe HG.
Janousek Z.
Merenyi R.
Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry
D. Reidel Publ. Co.;
Dordrecht:
1986.
p.1
<A NAME="RA43606ST-48A">48a </A>
Fagnoni M.
Schmoldt P.
Kirschberg T.
Mattay J.
Tetrahedron
1998,
54:
6427
<A NAME="RA43606ST-48B">48b </A>
Schmoldt P.
Mattay J.
J. Inf. Recording
2000,
25:
239
<A NAME="RA43606ST-49">49 </A>
Cossy J.
Furet N.
Bouzbouz S.
Tetrahedron
1995,
51:
11751
<A NAME="RA43606ST-50">50 </A>
Pandey B.
Rao AT.
Dalvi PV.
Kumar P.
Tetrahedron
1994,
50:
3843
<A NAME="RA43606ST-51A">51a </A>
Paquette LA.
Polyquinane Chemistry
Springer;
Berlin/Heidelberg:
1987.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-51B">51b </A>
Curran DP.
Porter NA.
Giese B.
Stereochemistry of Radical Reactions
Wiley-VCH;
Weinheim:
1996.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-51C">51c </A>
Mehta C.
Srikrishna A.
Chem. Rev.
1997,
97:
671
<A NAME="RA43606ST-52A">52a </A>
Curran DP.
Rakiewicz DM.
Tetrahedron
1985,
41:
3943
<A NAME="RA43606ST-52B">52b </A>
Curran DP.
Kuo S.-C.
Tetrahedron
1987,
43:
5653
<A NAME="RA43606ST-53">53 </A>
Tzvetkov N.
Schmidtmann M.
Müller A.
Mattay J.
Tetrahedron Lett.
2003,
44:
5979
<A NAME="RA43606ST-54A">54a </A>
Tzvetkov NT.
Neumann B.
Stammler H.-G.
Mattay J.
Eur. J. Org. Chem.
2006,
351
<A NAME="RA43606ST-54B">54b </A>
Tzvetkov NT.
PhD Thesis
University of Bielefeld;
Germany:
2005.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-55">55 </A>
Simmons HE.
Blanchard EP.
Smith RD.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1964,
86:
1347
<A NAME="RA43606ST-56">56 </A>
Alternatively for the cleavage reactions samarium(II) iodide was used. The a-cyclopropyl
ketone 27 gave the same product 28 as in the PET reaction. The reduction was carried out using a 1 mM solution of SmI2 in THF in the presence of 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2 (1H )-pyrimidinone (DMPU) as additive.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-57">57 </A>
All calculations were carried out using Titan V1 05, Schrödinger Inc., Wavefunction
Inc., 2000 . For the calculations of the energy profiles of the corresponding 6-endo and 5-exo radicals we used a combination of the B3LYP level and the 6-31G* basis set. The conformational
analysis and the transition states were calculated on a semi-empirical level (AM1).
<A NAME="RA43606ST-58">58 </A>
Bischof, E. W.; Mattay, J. Abstracts of Papers , XIIIth IUPAC Symposium on Photochemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, 22-28
July, 1990; Royal Society of Chemistry: London, 1990 , 85.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-59">59 </A>
Matlin AR.
McGarvey DJ.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1987,
28:
5087
<A NAME="RA43606ST-60A">60a </A>
Bischof EW.
PhD Thesis
University of Münster;
Germany:
1991.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-60B">60b </A>
Mattay J.
Banning A.
Bischof EW.
Heidbreder A.
Runsink J.
Chem. Ber.
1992,
125:
2119
<A NAME="RA43606ST-60C">60c </A>
Bischof EW.
Mattay JJ.
Photochem. Photobiol. A, Chem.
1992,
63:
249
<A NAME="RA43606ST-60D">60d </A>
Kirschberg Th.
Mattay J.
J. Inf. Rec. Mater.
1994,
21:
593
<A NAME="RA43606ST-61A">61a </A>
Tamura Y.
Kita Y.
Shimagaki M.
Terashima M.
Chem. Pharm. Bull.
1971,
19:
571
<A NAME="RA43606ST-61B">61b </A>
Tamura Y.
Kita Y.
Ishibashi H.
Ikeda M.
J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.
1971,
1167
<A NAME="RA43606ST-61C">61c </A>
Tamura Y.
Ishibashi H.
Kita Y.
Ikeda M.
J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.
1973,
101
<A NAME="RA43606ST-61D">61d </A>
Crimmins MT.
Chem. Rev.
1988,
88:
1453
<A NAME="RA43606ST-61E">61e </A>
Demuth M.
Mikhail G.
Synthesis
1989,
145
<A NAME="RA43606ST-61F">61f </A>
Fischer E.
Gleiter R.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1989,
28:
925 ; Angew. Chem. 1989 , 101 , 925
<A NAME="RA43606ST-61G">61g </A>
Bekker D.
Haddad N.
Org. Photochem.
1989,
10:
1
<A NAME="RA43606ST-62">62 </A>
Lange GL.
Decicco CP.
Wilson J.
Strickland LA.
J. Org. Chem.
1989,
54:
1805
<A NAME="RA43606ST-63">63 </A>
Bunte JO.
Rinne S.
Mattay J.
Synthesis
2004,
619
<A NAME="RA43606ST-64">64 </A>
Schmittel M.
Keller M.
Bhurghart A.
J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2
1995,
2327
<A NAME="RA43606ST-65">65 </A>
Bunte JO.
Heilmann EK.
Hein B.
Mattay J.
Eur. J. Org. Chem.
2004,
3535
<A NAME="RA43606ST-66A">66a </A>
Isaacs NS.
Liquid Phase High Pressure Chemistry
John Wiley;
Chichester:
1981.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-66B">66b </A>
le Noble WJ.
Organic High Pressure Chemistry
Elsevier;
Amsterdam:
1998.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-66C">66c </A>
Matsumoto K.
Morrion Acheson R.
Organic Synthesis at High Pressure
John Wiley;
New York:
1991.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-66D">66d </A>
Holzapfel WB.
Isaacs NS.
High-Pressure Techniques in Chemistry and Physics. A Practical Approach
Oxford University Press;
Oxford:
1997.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-66E">66e </A>
Hubbard CD.
van Eldik R. In
Chemistry under Extreme or Non-Classical Conditions
van Eldik R.
Hubbard CD.
Wiley/Spektrum;
New York /Heidelberg:
1997.
<A NAME="RA43606ST-66F">66f </A>
Klärner F.-G.
Diedrich MK.
The Effect of Pressure on Reactions of Dienes and Polyenes, In The chemistry of functional
groups, The chemistry of dienes and polyenes
Vol. 1:
Patai S.
Rappoport Z.
Wiley;
New York:
1997.
Chap. II.
Reviews:
<A NAME="RA43606ST-67A">67a </A>
Asano T.
le Noble WJ.
Chem. Rev.
1978,
78:
407
<A NAME="RA43606ST-67B">67b </A>
van Eldik R.
Asano T.
le Noble WJ.
Chem. Rev.
1989,
89:
549
<A NAME="RA43606ST-67C">67c </A>
le Noble WJ.
Kelm H.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1980,
19:
841 ; Angew. Chem. 1980 , 92 , 887
<A NAME="RA43606ST-67D">67d </A>
le Noble WJ.
Chem. Unserer Zeit
1983,
17:
152
<A NAME="RA43606ST-67E">67e </A>
Jenner G.
J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1
1985,
81:
2437
<A NAME="RA43606ST-67F">67f </A>
Klärner F.-G.
Chem. Unserer Zeit
1989,
23:
53
<A NAME="RA43606ST-67G">67g </A>
Klärner F.-G.
Ruster V.
Zimny B.
Hochstrate D.
High Pressure Research
1991,
7:
133
<A NAME="RA43606ST-67H">67h </A>
Isaacs NS.
Tetrahedron
1991,
47:
8463
Reviews:
<A NAME="RA43606ST-68A">68a </A>
Matsumoto K.
Sera A.
Uchida T.
Synthesis
1985,
1
<A NAME="RA43606ST-68B">68b </A>
Matsumoto K.
Sera A.
Synthesis
1985,
999
<A NAME="RA43606ST-68C">68c </A>
Ciobanu M.
Matsumoto K.
Liebigs Ann./Recl.
1997,
623
<A NAME="RA43606ST-69">69 </A>
Ito Y.
Fujii S.
Nakatsuka M.
Kawamoto F.
Saegusa T.
Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. VI
1988,
327
<A NAME="RA43606ST-70A">70a </A>
Booker-Millburn KI.
Synlett
1992,
809
<A NAME="RA43606ST-70B">70b </A>
Booker-Millburn KI.
Thomson DF.
J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1
1995,
2315
<A NAME="RA43606ST-70C">70c </A>
Booker-Millburn KI.
Thompson DF.
Synlett
1993,
592
<A NAME="RA43606ST-70D">70d </A>
Booker-Millburn KI.
Thomson DF.
Tetrahedron
1995,
51:
12955
<A NAME="RA43606ST-70E">70e </A>
Booker-Millburn KI.
Dainty RF.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1998,
39:
5097
<A NAME="RA43606ST-70F">70f </A>
Booker-Millburn KI.
Jenkins H.
Charmant JPH.
Mohr P.
Org. Lett.
2003,
5:
3309
<A NAME="RA43606ST-71">71 </A>
Rinderhagen H.
Grota J.
Mattay J.
J. Inf. Recording
2000,
25:
229
<A NAME="RA43606ST-72A">72a </A>
Anke T.
Heim J.
Knoch F.
Mocek U.
Steffan B.
Steglich W.
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
1985,
24:
709
<A NAME="RA43606ST-72B">72b </A>
Kupka J.
Anke T.
Oberwinkler F.
Schramm G.
Steglich W.
J. Antibiot.
1979,
32:
130
<A NAME="RA43606ST-72C">72c </A>
Mehta G.
Rao KS.
Reddy MS.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1988,
29:
5025
<A NAME="RA43606ST-73">73 </A>
Piers E.
Renaud J.
J. Org. Chem.
1993,
58:
11
<A NAME="RA43606ST-74A">74a </A>
Apsimon J.
The Total Synthesis of Natural Products
Vol. 5:
John Wiley and Sons;
New York:
1982.
p.264
<A NAME="RA43606ST-74B">74b </A>
Nagumo S.
Suemune H.
Sakai K.
Tetrahedron Lett.
1988,
29:
6927
<A NAME="RA43606ST-75A">75a </A>
Bohlmann F.
Jakupovic J.
Phytochemistry
1980,
19:
259
<A NAME="RA43606ST-75B">75b </A>
Paquette LA.
Roberts RA.
Drtina GJ.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1984,
106:
6690
<A NAME="RA43606ST-76">76 </A>
James P.
Landais Y.
Org. Lett.
2004,
6:
325