Schlagworte wie minimalinvasive Chirurgie und Fast-track-Chirurgie sind es, welche
die gegenwärtige Entwicklung der Chirurgie charakterisieren. Solche modernen chirurgischen
Behandlungskonzepte definieren die Minimierung des Operationsstresses und eine damit
verbundene Senkung der Morbidität, eine Beschleunigung der Rekonvaleszenz und eine
Steigerung der Patientenzufriedenheit als übergeordnetes Ziel. In diesem Zusammenhang
wurden in letzter Zeit zunehmend Dogmen chirurgischer Behandlungstechniken infrage
gestellt, beispielsweise das Einhalten einer prä- und postoperativen Nahrungskarenz,
das Durchführen einer präoperativen Darmspülung und die grundsätzliche Einlage von
Drainagen in das Operationsgebiet. Darüber hinaus wurden die „traditionellen” chirurgischen
Behandlungskonzepte um spezielle Konzepte der Schmerztherapie ergänzt. Bevor auch
perioperative Maßnahmen wie die Nahrungsergänzung mit Proteindrinks, die Immunonutrition
sowie eine grundsätzliche Anwendung einer strukturierten Patienteninstruktion generell
empfohlen werden können, müssen diese Maßnahmen jedoch noch entsprechend wissenschaftlich
validiert werden.
Minimally invasive surgery and fast track surgery represent essential instruments
of modern surgery which intend to further reduce morbidity, accelerate recovery and
improve satisfaction of the patients after surgery. In this regard several old principles
such as preoperative fasting, bowel cleansing and general application of drainages
were abandoned. New principles such as further developed perioperative analgesia by
using peridural anaesthesia and local infiltration before incision as well as the
change of kind and size of operation accesses were implemented. Further ideas for
further improvement of perioperative management are a preoperative structured patient
education and the perioperative intake of protein drinks. However, the efficiency
of these concepts has to be proven first.
Key words
perioperative optimization - fast track surgery - bowel cleansing - preoperative fasting
- postoperative feeding - drainage - protein drinks - operation access - analgesia
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Korrespondenz
Dr. Michael Zünd
Klinik für Chirurgie Kantonsspital St. Gallen
Rorschacher Straße 95
9007 St. Gallen, Schweiz
Email: michael.zuend@kssg.ch