Download PDF
Aktuelle Rheumatologie 2008; 33(3): 171-176
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1027596
Übersichtsarbeit

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Infektionen bei Patienten mit systemischem Lupus erythematodes – eine Übersicht

Infections in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus – a ReviewW. Handrick1 , A. Rodloff2 , M. Borte3
  • 1Institut für Medizinische Diagnostik Oderland, Frankfurt (Oder)
  • 2Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Infektionsepidemiologie, Universität Leipzig
  • 3Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbh Leipzig
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
03 July 2008 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints
Preview

Zusammenfassung

Infektionen sind bei Patienten mit systemischem Lupus erythematodes (SLE) häufig, sie gelten als wichtige Todesursachen. Die meisten Infektionen sind bakteriell bedingt, besonders häufig und z. T. schwer (evtl. letal) verlaufend sind Infektionen durch Pneumokokken und Enteritis-Salmonellen. Auch Mykobakterien, Viren, Pilze und Protozoen sind wichtige Infektionserreger. Als Dispositionsfaktoren zählen vor allem die Grundkrankheit und deren Therapie. Infektionen bei SLE-Patienten können nahezu alle Organe des Körpers betreffen. Die Diagnostik und die kalkulierte Antibiotika-Therapie müssen das breite Erregerspektrum berücksichtigen. Es besteht immer das Risiko, dass eine Infektion zunächst als akuter Lupus-Schub fehlgedeutet wird. Bei Patienten, die nicht bzw. ungenügend auf die Lupus-Therapie ansprechen, muss man immer an Infektionen denken. Alle Möglichkeiten der Infektionsprophylaxe sollten genutzt werden. Hierzu zählen Dispositionsprophylaxe (z. B. Schutzimpfungen), Expositionsprophylaxe (Hygiene, Ernährung) und Antibiotika-Prophylaxe (z. B. Cotrimoxazol, INH).

Abstract

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a higher infection rate than the general population. In fact, infections are an important cause of mortality. Most infections are caused by bacterial pathogens, very frequently encountered agents are pneumococci and Salmonella spp., and often have a severe or even lethal course. However, infections due to mycobacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoal agents are also observed. Both SLE itself and SLE therapy are the most predisposing factors for infections. Almost all parts of the body can be involved in these infections. With regard to diagnostic procedures and therapy, it is important to consider the wide spectrum of infectious agents. Infections can mimic a lupus flare, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment. The presence of an infection should always be sought in all SLE patients who does not respond to the usual therapy for a SLE flare. All possibilities should be used in order to prevent infections: vaccinations, hygiene, nutrition, and antibiotic prophylaxis (cotrimoxazole, INH).

Schlüsselwörter

systemischer Lupus erythematodes - Infektionen - Diagnostik - Therapie - Prophylaxe

Key words

systemic lupus erythematosus - infections - diagnostics - therapy - prevention

Literatur

  • 1 Al-Mayouf S, Al-Jumaah S, Bahabri S. et al . Infections associated with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus.  Clin Exper Rheumatol. 2001;  19 748-750
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 2 Alvarez Sastre C, Villarejo F, Lopez Robledillo J C. et al . Subdural empyema with extension to vertebral canal secondary to salmonellosis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Child’s Nerv Syst. 2002;  18 528-531
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 3 Armstrong D, Wright S, Mc Veigh C. et al . Infective endocarditis complicating rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) treatment in an SLE patient with a past history of Libman-Sacks endocarditis: a case for antibiotic prophylaxis?.  Clin Rheumatol. 2006;  25 583-584
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 4 Baykal Y, Saglam K, Caliskaner Z. Toxoplasma infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Rheumatol. 1998;  25 2038-2039
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 5 Berker M, Atalay B, Söylemezoglu F. et al . Cervical tuberculous spondylitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Spinal Cord. 2001;  39 549-553
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 6 Betrosian A P, Balla M, Papanikolaou M. et al . Meningococcal purpura fulminans in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: a mimic for catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome?.  Am J Med Sci. 2004;  327 373-375
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 7 Bhimma R, Adhikari M, Coovadia M. Epstein-Barr virus induced systemic lupus erythematosus.  South Afr Med J. 1995;  85 899-900
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 8 Blaauw A AM, Tobé T JM, Derksen R WHM. et al . A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and Salmonella enteritidis bacteraemia complicated by rhabdomyolysis and acute cholecystitis.  Rheumatology. 2000;  39 110-112
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 9 Bosch X, Guilabert A, Pallarés L. et al . Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective and controlled study of 110 patients.  Lupus. 2006;  15 584-589
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 10 Bouza E, Moya J GL, Munoz P. Infections in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.  Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2001;  15 335-361
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 11 Carratala J, Moreno R, Cabellos C. et al . Neisseria meningitidis monoarthritis revealing systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Rheumatol. 1988;  15 532-533
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 12 Chen H S, Tsai W P, Leu H S. et al . Invasive fungal infection in systemic lupus erythematosus: an analysis of 15 cases and a literature review.  Rheumatology. 2007;  46 539-544
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 13 Chen J Y, Luo S F, Wu Y J. et al . Salmonella septic arthritis in systemic lupus erythematosus and other systemic diseases.  Clin Rheumatol. 1998;  17 282-287
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 14 Cheng H M, Huang D F, Leu H B. Disseminated nocardiosis with initial manifestation mimicking disease flare-up of systemic lupus erythematosus in an SLE patient.  Am J Med. 2005;  118 1297-1298
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 15 Chiu W J, Kao H T, Huang J L. Necrotizing pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2002;  43 291-294
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 16 Chiu Y L, Huang J W, Hsueh P R. et al . CAPD-related peritonitis due to Salmonella enteritidis in a patient with SLE.  Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;  46 e21-e23
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 17 Demircin M, Dogan R, Peker O. et al . Aortic insufficiency and enterococcal endocarditis complicating systemic lupus erythematosus.  Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;  43 302-304
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 18 Diaz F, Collazos J, Mendoza F. et al . Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with acute parvovirus B 19 infection.  Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002;  8 115-117
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 19 Ditzen A. SLE-Schub oder mehr?.  Mikrobiologe. 2005;  15 1-4
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 20 Douglas K MJ, Gordon C, Osman H. et al . Lupus and zoster.  Lancet. 2003;  362 616
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 21 Enzenauer R J, Mc Koy J, Vincent D. et al . Disseminated cutaneous and synovial Mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  South Med J. 1990;  83 471-474
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 22 Erdozain J G, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Egurbide M V. et al . High risk of tuberculosis in systemic lupus erythematosus?.  Lupus. 2006;  15 232-235
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 23 Feng P H, Tan T H. Tuberculosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Ann Rheum Dis. 1982;  41 11-14
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 24 Fessler B J. Infectious diseases in systemic lupus erythematosus: risk factors, management and prophylaxis.  Best Pract & Res Clin Rheumatol. 2002;  16 281-291
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 25 Foster P N, Hardy G J, Losousky M S. Fatal salmonella septicemia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and splenic atrophy.  Br J Clin Pract. 1984;  38 434-435
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 26 Frayha R A, Jizi I, Saadeh G. Salmonella typhimurium bacteriuria: an increased infection rate in SLE.  Arch Int Med. 1985;  145 645-647
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 27 Galeazzi M, Sebastiani G D, Marroni P. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia complicating selective CD 4 T cell depletion induced by corticosteroid therapy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1993;  11 96-97
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 28 Gaubitz M, Herrmann M, Shahin M. et al . Cat scratch disease (bartonellosis) mimicking an SLE flare.  Lupus. 2001;  10 883-885
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 29 Gauthier T, So A K. Case report: vasculitis and bacteraemia with Yersinia enterocolitica in late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.  Br J Rheumatol. 1997;  36 112-1124
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 30 Gebauer C M, Borte M, Schille R. et al . Gonarthritis durch Salmonella enteritidis bei einer Patientin mit floridem systemischen Lupus erythematodes.  Klin Pädiatr. 2002;  214 319-323
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 31 Gilliland W R, Tsokos G C. Prophylactic use of antibiotics and immunisations in patients with SLE.  Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;  61 191-192
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 32 Giunta G, Piazza I. Fatal septicemia due to Listeria monocytogenes in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving cyclosporin and high prednisone doses.  Neth J Med. 1992;  40 197-199
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 33 Gladman D D, Hussain F, Ibanez D. et al . The nature and outcome of infection in systemic lupus erythematosus.  Lupus. 2002;  11 234-239
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 34 Gordon M M, Wilson H E, Duthie F R. et al . When typical is atypical: mycobacterial infection mimicking cutaneous vasculitis.  Rheumatology. 2002;  41 685-690
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 35 Greene R, Kaufman R, Quismorio F P. Septic bursitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.  Clin Rheumatol. 1984;  3 55-58
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 36 Gross A J, Hochberg D, Rand W M. et al . EBV and systemic lupus erythematosus: a new perspective.  J Immunol. 2005;  174 6599-6607
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 37 Hammoudeh M, Siam A R. Salmonella peritonitis and splenic abscess in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Ann Rheum Dis. 1992;  51 140
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 38 Harisdangkul V, Songcharoen S, Lin A C. Listerial infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  South Med J. 1992;  85 957-960
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 39 Hendrick S J, Jorizzo J L, Newton R C. Giant Mycobacterium fortuitum abscess associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Arch Dermatol. 1986;  122 695-697
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 40 Hirose I, Ymamaguchi H, Inaguma D. et al . Fatal varicella infection in a girl with systemic lupus erythematosus after oral acyclovir prophylaxis.  Eur J Pediatr. 2006;  165 280-281
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 41 Hsu T C, Tsay G J. Human parvovirus B 19 infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Rheumatology. 2001;  40 152-157
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 42 Huang J L, Hung J J, Wu K C. et al . Septic arthritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Salmonella and nonsalmonella infections compared.  Semin Arthr & Rheum. 2006;  36 61-67
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 43 Hühn R, Schmeling H, Kunze C. et al . Pneumococcal sepsis after autosplenectomy in a girl with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Rheumatology. 2005;  44 1586-1588
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 44 Hung J J, Ou L S, Lee W I. et al . Central nervous syystem infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Rheumatol. 2005;  32 40-43
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 45 Huseyin T S, Maynard J P, Leach R D. Toxic shock syndrome in a patient with breast cancer and systemic lupus erythematosus.  Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001;  27 330-331
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 46 Ideguchi H, Ohno S, Ishigatsubo Y. A case of pure red cell aplasia and systemic lupus erythematosus caused by human parvovirus B 19 infection.  Rheumatol Int. 2007;  27 411-414
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 47 Ikura Y, Matsuo T, Ogami M. et al . Cytomegalovirus associated pancreatitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Rheumatol. 2000;  27 2715-2717
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 48 Isik A, Koca S S. Necrotizing fasciitis resulting from Streptococcus pneumoniae in recently diagnosed systemic lupus erythmatosus case: a case report.  Clin Rheumatol. 2007;  26 999-1001
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 49 Joshua F, Riordan J, Sturgess A. Salmonella typhimurium mediastinal abscess in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Lupus. 2003;  12 710-713
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 50 Kakinuma H, Suzuki H. Mycobacterium avium complex infection limited to the skin in a patient with systemic lupus eythematosus.  Br J Dermatol. 1994;  130 785-790
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 51 Katz B Z, Salimi B, Kim S. et al . Epstein-Barr virus burden in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;  20 148-153
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 52 Kaufman L D, Seifert F C, Eilbott D J. et al . Candida pericarditis and tamponade in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Arch Int Med. 1988;  148 715-717
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 53 Khosravi A R, Mansouri P, Moazzeni M. Case report: chronic dermatophyte infection in a patient with vitiligo and discoid lupus erythematosus.  Mycoses. 2000;  43 317-319
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 54 Klein B, Kalden J R. Toxoplasmose-Enzephalitis mit tödlichem Verlauf als opportunistische Infektion bei systemischem Lupus erythematodes.  Akt Rheumatol. 1989;  14 62-66
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 55 Knodell R G, Manders S J. Staphylococcal pericarditis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Chest. 1974;  65 103-105
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 56 Kocakoc E, Ozgocmen S, Kiris A. et al . An overwhelming pulmonary fungus ball in a systemic lupus erythematosus patient.  Z Rheumatol. 2003;  62 570-573
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 57 Kraus A, Cabral A R, Sifuentes-Osornio J. et al . Listeriosis in patients with connective tissue diseases.  J Rheumatol. 1994;  21 635-638
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 58 Kraus A, Guerra-Bautista G, Alarcon-Segovia D. Salmonella arizona arthritis and septicemia associated with rattlesnake ingestion by patients with connective diseases: a dangerous complication of folk medicine.  J Rheumatol. 1991;  18 1328-1331
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 59 Laborde H, Rodrigue S, Catoggio P M. Mycobacterium fortuitum in systemic lupus erythematosus.  Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1989;  7 291-293
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 60 Lacasa J TM, Palacin A V, Ferranz V P. et al . Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as Salmonella enteritidis bacteremia.  J Rheumatol. 1991;  18 785
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 61 Lee A Y, Ogershok P R, Weisse M E. Persistent pneumonia in a boy with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Clin Pediatr. 2002;  41 443-446
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 62 Lee P P, Lee T L, Ho M H. et al . Herpes zoster in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;  25 728-732
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 63 Lehmann T J, Bernstein B, Hanson V. et al . Meningococcal infection complicating systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Pediatr. 1981;  99 94-96
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 64 Leong K P, Tee N W, Yap W M. et al . Nocardiosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Rheumatol. 2000;  27 1306-1312
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 65 Li E K, Cohen M G, Ho A K. et al . Salmonella bacteraemia occurring concurrently with the first presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus.  Br J Rheumatol. 1993;  32 66-67
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 66 Liam C K, Wang F. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Lupus. 1992;  1 379-385
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 67 Lim E, Koh W H, Loh S F. et al . Non-typhoidal salmonellosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A study of fifty patients and a review of the literature.  Lupus. 2001;  10 87-92
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 68 Lin Y H, Chen C P, Chiang S. et al . Ovarian abscess caused by nontyphoidal salmonella in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Reprod Med. 2005;  50 627-629
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 69 Liou J, Chiu C, Tseng C. et al . Cryptococcal meningitis in pediatric systemic lupus eythematosus.  Mycoses. 2003;  46 153-156
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 70 Mackenzie A R, Laing R B, Mac Donald A G. et al . Pneumococcal septicaemia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Ann Rheum Dis. 1997;  56 403-404
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 71 Medina F, Fraga A, Lacalle C. Salmonella septic arthritis in systemic lupus erythematosus. The importance of chronic carrier state.  J Rheumatol. 1989;  16 203-208
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 72 Miller C S, Egan R M, Falace D A. et al . Prevalence of infective endocarditis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;  130 387-392
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 73 Mok C C, Yuen K Y, Lau C S. Nocardiosis in systemic lupus erythematosus.  Semin Arthritis & Rheum. 1997;  26 675-683
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 74 Mok M Y, Lo Y, Chan T M. et al . Tuberculosis in systemic lupus erythematosus in an endemic area and the role of isoniazid prophylaxis during corticosteroid theapy.  J Rheumatol. 2005;  32 609-615
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 75 Mok M Y, Wong S S, Chan T M. et al . Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Rheumatology. 2007;  46 280-284
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 76 Nakamura T, Yamamura Y, Tsuruta T. et al . Mycobacterium kansasii arthritis of the foot in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Intern Med. 2001;  40 1045-1049
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 77 Naveau C, Houssiau F A. Pneumococcal sepsis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Lupus. 2005;  14 903-906
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 78 Ng W L, Chu C M, Wu A KL. et al . Lymphopenia at presentation is associated with increased risk of infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Q J Med. 2006;  99 37-47
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 79 Nguyen T B, Galezowski N, Taksin A. et al . Infection à Pneumocystis carinii révélatrice d’un lupus érythémateux disséminé non traité.  Rev Méd Int. 1995;  16 146-149
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 80 Noël V, Lortholary O, Casassus P. et al . Risk factors and prognostic influence of infection in a single cohort of 87 adults with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;  60 1141-1144
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 81 Nomura S, Hatta K, Iwata T. et al . Legionella pneumophila isolated in pure culture from the ascites of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Am J Med. 1989;  86 833-834
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 82 Ortiz A, Giraldez D, Egido J. et al . Salmonella enteritidis empyema complicating lupus pleuritis.  Postgrad Med J. 1991;  67 778-779
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 83 Page K R, Karakousis P C, Maslow J N. Postoperative pneumococcal cellulitis in systemic lupus erythematosus.  Scand J Infect Dis. 2003;  35 141-143
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 84 Petri M, Allbritton J. Antibiotic allergy in systemic lupus erythematodes: a case-control study.  J Rheumatol. 1992;  19 265-269
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 85 Picillo U, Italian G, Marcialis M R. et al . Bilateral femoral osteomyelitis with knee arthritis due to Salmonella enteritidis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Clin Rheumatol. 2001;  20 53-56
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 86 Poblete P, Brandenburg V, Brunn A. et al . Disseminierte Zytomegalievirus-Infektion mit perianalen Ulzerationen bei systemischem Lupus erythematodes.  Z Hautkr. 2002;  77 585-586
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 87 Pope J E, Krizova A, Ouimet J M. et al . Close association of herpes zoster reactivation and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnosis: case-control study of patients with SLE or noninflammatory musculoskeletal disorders.  J Rheumatol. 2004;  31 274-279
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 88 Pruitt T C, Hughes L O, Blasier R D. et al . Atypical mycobacterial vertebral osteomyelitis in a steroid-dependent adolescent-a case report.  Spine. 1993;  18 2553-2555
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 89 Ramos L, Lopez C, Gomez C. et al . Case report. Cutaneous cryptococcosis in a patient with systemic erythematous lupus.  Mycoses. 2001;  44 419-421
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 90 Rappaport K D, Tang W M. Herpes simplex virus type 2 acute retinal necrosis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Retina. 2000;  20 545-546
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 91 Ravelli A, Viola S, De Benedetti F. et al . Visceral leishmaniasis as a cause of unexplained fever and cytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus.  Acta Paediatr. 2002;  91 246-247
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 92 Sabeel A, Alrajhi A, Alfurayh O. Salmonella pericarditis and pericardial effusion in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus on haemodialysis.  Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;  12 2177-2178
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 93 San Miguel V V, Lavery J P, York J C. et al . Achromobacter xylosoxidans septic arthritis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Arthrit & Rheum. 1991;  34 1484-1485
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 94 Sanchez-Guerrero J, Alarcón-Segovia D. Salmonella pericarditis with tamponade in systemic lupus erythematosus.  Br J Rheumatol. 1990;  289 69-71
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 95 Sattar M A, Johny M. Salmonella osteomyelitis in a patient with SLE.  J Infect. 1984;  9 93-96
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 96 Sayarlioglu M, Inanc M, Kamali S. et al . Tuberculosis in Turkish patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: increased frequency of extrapulmonary localization.  Lupus. 2004;  13 274-278
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 97 Schattner A, Kagan A, Zimhony O. Aspergillus peritonitis in a lupus patient on chronic peritoneal dialysis.  Rheumatol Int. 2006;  26 762-764
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 98 Seta N, Shimizu T, Nawata M. et al . A possible novel mechanism of opportunistic infection in systemic lupus erythematosus, based on a case of toxoplasmic encephalopathy.  Rheumatology. 2002;  41 1072-1073
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 99 Shahnaz S, Choksi M T, Tan I J. Bilateral cytomegalovirus retinitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and end-stage renal disease.  Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;  78 1412-1415
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 100 Shamiss A, Thaler M, Nussinovitch N. et al . Multiple Salmonella enteritidis leg abscesses in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Postgrad Med J. 1990;  66 486-488
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 101 Sharam F, Akbarian M, Davatchi F. Salmonella infection in systemic lupus erythematosus.  Lupus. 1993;  2 55-59
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 102 Shiota K, Miki F, Kanayama Y. et al . Suppurative coxitis due to Salmonella typhimurium in SLE.  Ann Rheum Dis. 1981;  40 312-314
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 103 Shrestha N K, Khanal B, Sharma S K. et al . Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Scand J Infect Dis. 2003;  35 514-516
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 104 Simeon-Aznar C P, Cuenca-Luque R, Solans-Laque R. et al . Fulminant soft tissue infection by Salmonella enteritidis in SLE.  J Rheumatol. 1990;  17 1570-1571
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 105 Swaak A JG, Soesbergen R M, Korst van der J K. Arthritis associated with salmonella infection.  Clin Rheumatol. 1982;  1 275-279
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 106 Teh C L, Kong K O, Chong A P. et al . Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in an SLE patient on mycophenolate mofetil.  Lupus. 2002;  11 249-252
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 107 Telgt D S, Hoogen van den F H, Meis J F. et al . Arthritis and spondylodiscitis caused by Mycobacterium xenopi in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Br J Rheumatol. 1997;  36 1025-1026
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 108 Trapani van S, Ermini M, Falcini F. Human parvovirus B 19 infection: its relationship with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Semin Arthr & Rheum. 1999;  28 319-325
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 109 Tsao C H, Chen C Y, Ou L S. et al . Risk factors of mortality for salmonella infection in systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Rheumatol. 2002;  29 1214-1218
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 110 Laar M AFJ. Polyarticular salmonella bacterial arthritis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Rheumatol. 1989;  16 231-234
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 111 Van der Straeten van de C, Wei N, Rothschild J. et al . Rapidly fatal pneumococcal septicemia in systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Rheumatol. 1987;  14 1177-1180
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 112 Weingarten R D, Markiewicz Z, Gilbert D N. Meningitis due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults.  Rev Infect Dis. 1990;  12 118-124
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 113 Weyrich P, Borgmann S, Mayer F. et al . Fatal multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii sepsis in a patient with travel history and recent onset of systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report.  Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2006;  209 581-583
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 114 Wood J B. Meningitis with dystonia.  J Roy Soc Med. 1996;  89 521-522
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 115 Wu K C, Yao T C, Yeh K W. et al . Osteomyelitis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  J Rheumatol. 2004;  31 1340-1343
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 116 Yang C D, Wang X D, Ye S. et al . Clinical features, prognostic and risk factors of central nervous system infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.  Clin Rheumatol. 2006;  26 895-901
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 117 Yeh Y H, Chu P H, Yeh C H. et al . Haemophilus influenzae pericarditis with tamponade as the initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus.  Int J Clin Pract. 2004;  58 1045-1047
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 118 Yoon K H, Fong K Y, Tambyah P A. Fatal cytomegalovirus infection in two patiens with systemic lupus erythematosus undergoing intensive immunosuppressive therapy: role for cytomegalovirus vigilance and prophylaxis?.  J Clin Rheumatol. 2002;  8 217-222
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 119 Zamir D, Amar M, Groisman G. et al . Toxoplasma infection in systemic lupus erythematosus mimicking lupus cerebritis.  Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;  74 575-578
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 120 Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y. Infections and SLE.  Autoimmunity. 2005;  38 473-485
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 121 Zonana-Nacach A, Camargo-Coronel A, Yanez P. et al . Infections in outpatients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study.  Lupus. 2001;  10 505-510
    Search in Google Scholar

Prof. Dr. W. Handrick

Institut für Medizinische Diagnostik Oderland

Am Kleistpark 1

15230 Frankfurt (Oder)

Phone: ++ 49/3 35/5 58 11 48

Fax: ++ 49/3 35/5 58 11 78

Email: W.Handrick@Institut-Oderland.de