Der Einfluss von Luftverschmutzung und Klimawandel auf Lungenerkrankungen

Zusammenfassung

Schon seit den 30er-Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts sind die gesundheitsschädlichen Effekte der Luftverschmutzung belegt. Ozon, Feinstaub und Stickstoffdioxid stellen zurzeit die wichtigsten Komponenten der Luftverschmutzung dar. Es ist inzwischen gesichert, dass die akute Zunahme der Luftverschmutzung zu einer Steigerung von Morbidität und Mortalität führt. Es kommt zu vermehrten Krankenhausaufnahmen von Patienten mit COPD und Asthma. Die chronische Schadstoffexposition führt vermehrt zu bronchitischen Beschwerden und zu Einschränkungen der Lungenfunktion und -reifung. Vor allem Ozon sowie Wohnen in der Nähe großer Straßen werden für die Entwicklung eines Asthmas mitverantwortlich gemacht. Als weiterer wesentlicher Umweltfaktor hat der Klimawandel Auswirkungen einerseits auf die Luftverschmutzung und andererseits auf die Verteilung und Qualität von Atemwegsallergenen sowie die Vermehrung und Übertragung von Krankheitserregern.

Summary

From as early as 1930 there has been evidence for effects on health of air pollution. Ozone, particulates and nitrogen dioxide are the most important pollutants today. The acute increase in air pollution leads to a significant raise in morbidity and mortality. Hospital admissions of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma are more frequent during these periods. Chronic exposure to pollution causes bronchitis, accelerated decline of lung function and impaired maturing of the lungs. Ozone and a residence in proximity to major roads seem to play a role in the development of asthma. A further important environmental factor is climate change, which has an impact on air pollution but also on distribution and quality of aero-allergens and the dissemination and transmission of respiratory pathogens.

Schlüsselwörter

Luftverschmutzung - Klimawandel - Lungenerkrankungen - COPD - Asthma - Ozon - Feinstaub - Stickoxid - Schwefeldioxid - Stickstoffdioxid

Key words

air pollution - climate change - pulmonary diseases - COPD - asthma - ozone - particulates - nitric oxide - sulphur dioxide - nitrogen dioxide

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