Pharmacopsychiatry 2008; 41(4): 146-150
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1076724
Original Paper

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

The Effects of Venlafaxine on Cognitive Functions and Quantitative EEG in Healthy Volunteers

T. Siepmann 1 , M. Mueck-Weymann 2 , R. Oertel 1 , W. Kirch 1 , D. Pittrow 1 , M. Siepmann 1
  • 1Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
  • 2Clinic for Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
Further Information

Publication History

received 15.09.2007 revised 21.01.2008

accepted 29.01.2008

Publication Date:
23 July 2008 (online)

Abstract

Antidepressants that selectively block serotonin uptake may cause unwanted effects on cognitive functions such as impairment of vigilance and memory. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial was performed to examine the effects of venlafaxine, a selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI), on cognitive functions and quantitative EEG (qEEG) in humans. 12 healthy male subjects aged 23–32 years (26±3 years mean±sd) orally received 37.5 mg venlafaxine b.i.d. for 7 days and subsequently 75 mg b.i.d. for another 7 days. After a 14-day wash-out phase, placebo was administered to the subjects for 14 days under randomized double-blind cross-over conditions. Venlafaxine did not influence cognitive functions such as choice reaction, memory, psychomotor performance and subjective mood. Placebo resulted in an increase in slow alpha power (p<0.05) whereas venlafaxine had no effect on qEEG. In conclusion, multiple dosing with venlafaxine did not influence cognitive functions in healthy humans.

References

  • 1 Altmann HJ, Normile HJ, Galloway MP, Ramirez A, Azmitia EC. Enhanced spatial discrimination learning in rats following 5,7-DHT-induced serotonergic deafferentiation of the hippocampus.  Brain Res. 1990;  581 61-66
  • 2 Baud P, Roch K, Sebban C. Quantified EEG and psychometric effects of 3 doses of dexfenfluramine in the young adult.  Neurophysiol Clin. 1989;  19 241-255
  • 3 Carey GJ, Costall B, Domeney AM, Gerrard PA, Jones DN, Naylor RJ. et al . Ondasetron and arecoline prevent scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in the marmoset.  Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1992;  42 75-83
  • 4 Carli M, Samanin R. The 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT reduces rats’ accuracy of attentional performance and enhances impulsive responding in a five-choice serial reaction time task: role of presynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors.  Psychopharmacology. 2000;  149 259-268
  • 5 Hindmarch I. Instrumental assessment of psychomotor functions and the effects of psychotropic drugs.  Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;  89 ((Suppl 380)) 49-52
  • 6 Hindmarch I. Relevant psychometric tests for antidepressants and anxiolytics.  Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;  9 ((Suppl 1)) 27-33
  • 7 Hindmarch I, Harrison C. The effects of paroxetine and other antidepressants in combination with alcohol on psychomotor activity related to car driving.  Hum Psychopharmacology. 1988;  3 13-20
  • 8 Hindmarch I, Rigney U, Stanley N, Briley M. Pharmacodynamics of milnacipran in young and elderly volunteers.  Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;  49 118-125
  • 9 Hunter AM, Leuchter AF, Morgan M, Cook IA, Abrams M, Siegmann B. et al . Neurophysiologic correlates of side effects in normal subjects randomized to venlafaxine or placebo.  Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;  30 792-799
  • 10 Kerr JS, Powell J, Hindmarch I. The effects of reboxetine and amitriptyline, with and without alcohol on cognitive function and psychomotor performance.  Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;  42 239-241
  • 11 Lader M, Melhuish A, Frcka G, Fredricson Overo K, Christensen V. The effects of citalopram in single and repeated doses and with alcohol on physiological and psychological measures in healthy subjects.  Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;  31 183-190
  • 12 Leuchter AF, Cook IA, Witte EA, Morgan M, Abrams M. Changes in brain function of depressed subjects during treatment with placebo.  Am J Psychiatry. 2002;  159 122-129
  • 13 Lucki I. The spectrum of behaviours influenced by serotonin.  Biol Psychiatr. 1998;  44 151-162
  • 14 Makela P, Wakeley J, Gijsman H, Robson PJ, Bhagwagar Z, Rogers RD. Low doses of ▵-terahydrocannabinol (THC) have divergent effects on short-term spatial memory in young, healthy adults.  Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;  31 462-470
  • 15 Möller HJ, Langer S, Schmauss M. Escitalopram in clinical practice: results of an open-label trial in outpatients with depression in a naturalistic setting in Germany.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007;  40 53-57
  • 16 Moser L, Hüther KJ, Koch-Weser J, Lundt PV. Effects of terfenadine and diphenhydramine alone or in combination with diazepam or alcohol on psychomotor performance and subjective feelings.  Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1978;  14 417-423
  • 17 Muth EA, Haskins JT, Moyer JA, Husbands GE, Nielsen ST, Sigg EB. Antidepressant biochemical profile of the novel bicyclic compound Wy-45,030, an ethyl cyclohexanol derivative.  Biochem Pharmacol. 1986;  35 4493-4497
  • 18 Nathan PJ, Sitaram G, Stough C, Silberstein RB, Sali A. Serotonin, noradrenaline and cognitive function: a preliminary investigation of the acute pharmacodynamic effects of a serotonin versus a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor.  Behav Pharmacol. 2000;  11 639-642
  • 19 O’Hanlon JF, Robbe HW, Vermeeren A, Leeuwen C van, Danjou PE. Venlafaxine's effects on healthy volunteer's driving, psychomotor, and vigilance performance during 15-day fixed and incremental dosing regimens.  J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;  18 212-221
  • 20 Patat A, Troy S, Burke J, Trocherie S, Danjou P, Le Coz F. et al . Absolute bioavailability and electroencephalographic effects of conventional and extended-release formulations of venlafaxine in healthy subjects.  J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;  38 256-267
  • 21 Quartermaine D, Clemente J, Shemer A. 5-HT1A agonists disrupt memory of fear conditioning in rats.  Biol Psychiat. 1993;  33 247-254
  • 22 Ramaekers JG, Muntjeweroff ND, O’Hanlon JF. A comparative study of acute and subchronic effects of dothiepin, fluoxetine and placebo on psychomotor and actual driving performance.  Br J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;  39 397-404
  • 23 Reid MS, Flammino F, Howard B, Nilsen D, Prichep LS. Topographic imaging of quantitative EEG in response to smoked cocaine self-administration in humans.  Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;  31 872-884
  • 24 Riedel WJ, Eikmans K, Heldens A, Schmitt JA. Specific serotonergic reuptake inhibition impairs vigilance performance acutely and after subchronic treatment.  J Psychopharmacol. 2005;  19 12-20
  • 25 Robbins TW. Arousal systems and attentional processes.  Biol Psychol. 1997;  45 57-71
  • 26 Roseboom PH, Kalin NH. Neuropharmacology of venlafaxine.  Depression and Anxiety. 2000;  12 ((Suppl 1)) 20-29
  • 27 Saletu B, Anderer P, Saletu-Zyhlarz GM. EEG topography and tomography (LORETA) in the classification and evaluation of the pharmacodynamics of psychotropic drugs.  Clin EEG Neurosci. 2006;  37 66-80
  • 28 Saletu B, Grünberger J, Anderer P, Linzmayer L, Semlitsch HV, Magni G. Pharmacodynamics of venlafaxine evaluated by EEG brain mapping, psychometry and psychophysiology.  Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;  33 589-601
  • 29 Schmitt JA, Ramaekers JG, Kruizinga MJ, Botel MP van, Vuurman EF, Riedel WJ. Additional dopamine reuptake inhibition attenuates vigilance impairment induced by serotonin reuptake inhibition in man.  J Psychopharmacol. 2002;  16 207-214
  • 30 Siepmann M, Grossmann J, Mück-Wemyann M, Kirch W. Effects of sertraline on autonomic and cognitive functions in healthy volunteers.  Psychopharmacology. 2003;  168 293-298
  • 31 Siepmann M, Handel J, Mück-Weymann M, Kirch W. The effects of moclobemide on autonomic and cognitive functions in healthy volunteers.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004;  37 81-87
  • 32 Siepmann M, Krause S, Joraschky P, Mueck-Weymann M, Kirch W. The effects of St. John's wort extract on heart rate variability, cognitive function and quantitative EEG: a comparison with amitriptyline and placebo in healthy men.  Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;  54 277-282
  • 33 Siepmann T, Ziemssen T, Mueck-Weymann M, Kirch W, Siepmann M. The effects of venlafaxine on autonomic functions in healthy volunteers.  J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;  27 687-691
  • 34 Smirni P, Villardita C, Tappala G. Influence of different paths on spatial memory performance in the block-tapping test.  Clin Neuropsychol. 1983;  5 355-359
  • 35 Versavel M, Leonard JP, Herrmann WM. Standard operating procedure (SOP) for the registration and computer-supported evaluation of pharmaco-EEG data. Working team “EEG in phase I” of CIPS.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 1995;  28 245-248
  • 36 Wakeno M, Okugawa G, Takekita Y, Kato M, Fukuda T, Yamashita M. et al . Delirium associated with paroxetine in an elderly depressive patient: a case report.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007;  40 199-200
  • 37 Weinstein A, Wilson S, Bailey J, Nutt D. Sedative antidepressants impair visual detection mechanisms in humans.  J Psychopharmacol. 1996;  10 141-145
  • 38 Wesnes K, Simpson PM, Jansson B, Grahnén A, Weimann HJ, Küppers H. Moxonidine and cognitive function: interactions with moclobemide and lorazepam.  Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;  52 351-358
  • 39 Winter JC, Petti DT. The effects of 8-hydroxy2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin and other serotonergic agonists on performance in a radial maze: a possible role for 5-HT1A receptors in memory.  Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1987;  27 625-628
  • 40 Yasuno F, Suhara T, Nakayama T, Ichimiya T, Okubo Y, Takano A. et al . Inhibitory effect of hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors on human explicit memory.  Am J Psychiatry. 2003;  160 334-340

Correspondence

PD Dr. M. Siepmann

Institute of Clinical Pharmacology

Medical Faculty

Technical University

Fiedlerstr. 27

01307 Dresden

Germany

Phone: +49/351/458 28 15

Fax: +49/351/458 43 41

Email: martin.siepmann@.tu-dresden.de

    >