Thrombogenesis with continuous blood flow in the inferior vena cava

José A. Diaz; Angela E. Hawley; Christine M. Alvarado; Alexandra M. Berguer; Nichole K. Baker; Shirley K. Wrobleski; Thomas W. Wakefield; Benedict R. Lucchesi; Daniel D. Myers Jr.

doi:10.1160/TH09-09-0672

Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Table of Contents

Thromb Haemost 2010; 104(02): 366-375
DOI: 10.1160/TH09-09-0672

Animal Models

Schattauer GmbH

Thrombogenesis with continuous blood flow in the inferior vena cava

A novel mouse model

José A. Diaz

¹Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

,

Angela E. Hawley

¹Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

,

Christine M. Alvarado

¹Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

²Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

,

Alexandra M. Berguer

¹Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

,

Nichole K. Baker

¹Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

,

Shirley K. Wrobleski

¹Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

,

Thomas W. Wakefield

¹Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

,

Benedict R. Lucchesi

³Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

,

Daniel D. Myers Jr.

¹Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

²Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

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Summary

Several rodent models have been used to study deep venous thrombosis (DVT). However, a model that generates consistent venous thrombi in the presence of continuous blood flow, to evaluate therapeutic agents for DVT, is not available. Mice used in the present study were wild-type C57BL/6 (WT), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) knock out (KO) and Delta Cytoplasmic Tail (ΔCT). An electrolytic inferior vena cava (IVC) model (EIM) was used. A 25G stainless-steel needle, attached to a silver coated copper wire electrode (anode), was inserted into the exposed caudal IVC. Another electrode (cathode) was placed subcutaneously. A current of 250 μAmps over 15 minutes was applied. Ultrasound imaging was used to demonstrate the presence of IVC blood flow. Analyses included measurement of plasma soluble P-selectin (sP-Sel), thrombus weight (TW), vein wall morphometrics, P-selectin and Von Willebrand factor (vWF) staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and the effect of enoxaparin on TW was evaluated. A current of 250 μAmps over 15 minutes consistently promoted thrombus formation in the IVC. Plasma sPSel was decreased in PAI-1 KO and increased in ΔCT vs. WT (WT/PAI-1: p=0.003, WT/ΔCT: p=0.0002). Endothelial activation was demonstrated by SEM, TEM, P-selectin and vWF immunohistochemistry and confirmed by inflammatory cell counts. Ultrasound imaging demonstrated thrombus formation in the presence of blood flow. Enoxaparin significantly reduced the thrombus size by 61% in this model. This EIM closely mimics clinical venous disease and can be used to study endothelial cell activation, leukocyte migration, thrombogenesis and therapeutic applications in the presence of blood flow.

Keywords

Endothelial dysfunction - thrombosis - electrolytic injury - inflammation - animal model

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References

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