Is there an association between complement activation and antiphospholipid antibody-related thrombosis?

• References

• 1 Meroni PL. Pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome: an additional example of the mosaic of autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2008; 30: 99-103.
• 2 Giannakopoulos B, Passam F, Rahgozar S. et al. Cur-rent concepts on the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2007; 109: 422-430.
• 3 Avalos I, Tsokos GC. The role of complement in the antiphospholipid syndrome-associated pathology. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009; 36: 141-144.
• 4 Alijotas-Reig J, Vilardell-Tarres M. Is obstetric anti-phospholipid syndrome a primary nonthrombotic, proinflammatory, complement-mediated disorder related to antiphospholipid antibodies?. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2010; 65: 39-45.
• 5 Meroni PL, Gerosa M, Raschi E. et al. Updating on the pathogenic mechanisms 5 of the antiphospholipid antibodies-associated pregnancy loss. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 34: 332-337.
• 6 Holers VM, Girardi G, Mo L. et al. Complement C3 activation is required for antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 211-220.
• 7 Redecha P, Tilley R, Tencati M. et al. Tissue factor: a link between C5a and neutrophil activation in anti-phospholipid antibody induced fetal injury. Blood 2007; 110: 2423-2431.
• 8 Girardi G, Redecha P, Salmon JE. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat Med 2004; 10: 1222-1226.
• 9 Pierangeli SS, Vega-Ostertag M, Liu X. et al. Complement activation: a novel pathogenic mechanism in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005; 1051: 413-420.
• 10 Fischetti F, Durigutto P, Pellis V. et al. Thrombus formation induced by antibodies to beta2-glyco-protein I is complement dependent and requires a priming factor. Blood 2005; 106: 2340-236.
• 11 Munakata Y, Saito T, Matsuda K. et al. Detection of complement-fixing antiphospholipid antibodies in association with thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2000; 83: 728-731.
• 12 Romay-Penabad Z, Liu XX, Montiel-Manzano G. et al. C5a receptor-deficient mice are protected from thrombophilia and endothelial cell activation induced by some antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007; 1108: 554-566.
• 13 Boffa MC, Boinot C, De Carolis S. et al. Laboratory criteria of the obstetrical antiphospholipid syndrome. Data from a multicentric prospective European women cohort. Thromb Haemost 2009; 102: 25-28.
• 14 Stone S, Pijnenborg R, Vercruysse L. et al. The placental bed in pregnancies complicated by primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Placenta 2006; 27: 457-467.
• 15 Shamonki JM, Salmon JE, Hyjek E. et al. Excessive complement activation is associated with placental injury in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196: 167e1-5.
• 16 Cavazzana I, Nebuloni M, Cetin I. et al. Complement activation in anti-phospholipid syndrome: a clue for an inflammatory process?. J Autoimmun 2007; 28: 160-164.
• 17 Oku K, Atsumi T, Bohgaki M. et al. Complement activation in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68: 1030-1035.
• 18 Leroyer AS, Anfosso F, Lacroix R. et al. Endothelial-derived microparticles: biological conveyors at the crossroad of inflammation, thrombosis and angio-genesis. Thromb Haemost 2010; 104: 456-463.
• 19 Distelmaier K, Adlbrecht C, Jakowitsch J. et al. Local complement activation triggers neutrophil recruitment to the site of thrombus formation in acute myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost 2009; 102: 564-572.
• 20 Pengo V, Tripodi A, Reber G. et al. Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection. Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant/Antiphospholipid Antibody of the Scientific and Standard-isation Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 1737-1740.
• 21 Pierangeli SS, Girardi G, Vega-Ostertag M. et al. Requirement of activation of complement C3 and C5 for antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombophilia. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 2120-2124.
• 22 Peerschke EI, Yin W, Alpert DR. et al. Serum complement activation on heterologous platelets is associated with arterial thrombosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 2009; 18: 530-538.