Thromboembolische Komplikationen und die Bedeutung der Thrombophilie in der Schwangerschaft

Zusammenfassung

Ziel: Überblick über Pathogenese, Prophylaxe und Therapie thromboembolischer Komplikationen.

Methode: Literaturrecherche in Pubmed.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion: In der Schwangerschaft verändert sich die plasmatische Gerinnung zugunsten der prokoagulatorischen Eigenschaften des Blutes, um dem Blutverlust bei der Geburt entgegenzuwirken. Venöse Thromboembolien (VTE) gehören in der westlichen Welt weiterhin zu den führenden Ursachen für schwerwiegende mütterliche Morbidität und Sterblichkeit. Das Risiko, eine venöse Thromboembolie zu erleiden, steigt in der Schwangerschaft um das 4-5-fache und in der Postpartum-Periode sogar um das 20-fache. Insbesondere bei Patientinnen mit einer erworbenen oder hereditären Thrombophilie kann es zu vaskulär bedingten Schwangerschaftskomplikationen kommen. Hierzu zählen die tiefe Beinvenenthrombose, die Lungenembolie, aber auch rezidivierende Aborte bei AntiphospholipidSyndrom. Empfehlungen im Hinblick auf die Notwendigkeit einer prophylaktischen Gabe von niedermolekularem Heparin werden bei den verschiedenen Thrombophilien individuell getroffen. Sie sind abhängig von der Art der Thrombophilie, der Eigen- und Familienanamnese hinsichtlich tiefer Beinvenenthrombosen, Lungenembolien oder rezidivierender Aborte sowie dem Verlauf der Schwangerschaft. Eine generelle Empfehlung für eine prophylaktische Heparinisierung bei laborchemisch nachgewiesener Thrombophilie gibt es nicht.

Als antikoagulatorische Therapie der Wahl bei thromboembolischen Komplikationen in der Schwangerschaft gelten die niedermolekularen Heparine, da sie nebenwirkungsarm und nicht teratogen sind. Die Therapie der akuten VTE sollte in der Regel bis 6 Wochen post part-um bei einer Gesamtdauer von mindestens 3 Monaten durchgeführt werden. Liegt ein Anti-phospholipid-Syndrom vor, wird zusätzlich Acetylsalicylsäure (75–100 mg/Tag) empfohlen. Da ein Großteil der tiefen Beinvenenthrombosen in der Schwangerschaft proximal auftreten, ist das Risiko eines postthrombotischen Syndroms hoch. Zur Minimierung von Früh- und Spätkomplikationen bei Thromboembolien in der Schwangerschaft ist eine frühzeitige Diagnostik sowie eine risikoadaptierte Prophylaxe entscheidend.

Schlüsselwörter

Tiefe Beinvenenthrombose - Thromboembolie - Thrombophilie - Schwangerschaft

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