Feline Lepra bei einem 5 Monate alten Kater in Deutschland

Zusammenfassung

Ein 5 Monate alter, 4 kg schwerer Europäisch-Kurzhaar-Kater wurde mit ulzerierten kutanen Knoten vorgestellt, die in mehreren Arealen über den gesamten Körper verteilt waren. Die serologische Untersuchung auf das feline Immunschwächevirus und das feline Leukämievirus ergab negative Befunde. Anhand des histologischen Nachweises von säurefesten Stäbchen in drei Hautbioptaten wurde die Diagnose Mykobakteriose der Haut gestellt. Mithilfe der Polymerase-Kettenreaktion ließ sich Mycobacterium lepraemurium identifizieren. Der Kater wurde nach der operativen Entfernung aller Hautknoten und einer 14,5 Wochen andauernden Therapie mit Rifampicin und Clarithromycin als geheilt eingestuft. Im Beobachtungszeitraum von 1 Jahr nach Therapieende entwickelte sich kein Rezidiv.

Summary

A 5-month-old, male, 4 kg European shorthair cat presented with ulcera ted cutaneous nodules in many areas over its entire body. The serological results for feline immunodeficiency virus and the feline leukaemia virus were negative. Following detection of acid-proof bacilli in histological examination of three skin biopsies, the diagnosis of mycobacteriosis of the skin was made. Polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of Mycobacterium lepraemurium. After surgical excision of all cutaneous nodules and a 14.5-week antibiotic therapy with Rifampicin and Clarithromycin, the cat was classified as being cured. During the observation period of 1 year after the end of the therapy, no relapse occurred.

Schlüsselwörter

Mykobakteriose - Mycobacterium lepraemurium - Fite-Faraco-Färbung - Katzenlepra - Rattenlepra - Hautgranulom

Keywords

Mycobacteriosis - Mycobacterium lepraemurium - Fite-Faraco stain - leprosy in cat - murine leprosy - skin granuloma

• Literatur

• 1 Allan GS, Wickham N. Mycobacterial granulomas in a cat diagnosed as leprosy.. Feline Pract 1976; 6: 34-36.
• 2 Alvarez-Elcoro S, Enzler MJ. The macrolides: erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin.. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74 (06) 613-634.
• 3 Brown LR, May CD, Williams SE. A non-tuberculous granuloma of cats.. N Z Vet J 1962; 10 (01) 7-9.
• 4 Courtin F, Huerre M, Fyfe H, Dumas P, Boschiroli ML. A case of feline leprosy caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium originating from the island of Kythira (Greece): diagnosis and treatment.. J Feline Med Surg 2007; 9 (03) 238-241.
• 5 Frank LA. Clinical pharmacology of rifampin.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990; 197: 114-117.
• 6 Frye FL, Carney JD, Loughman WD. Feline lepromatous leprosy.. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1974; 69: 1272-1273.
• 7 Goto Y. Differential diagnosis of a case of feline leprosy.. J Japan Vet Med Assoc 2002; 55 (07) 437-441.
• 8 Hartmann K, Hein J. Tuberkulose, Lepra, Atypische Mykobakteriosen.. In Infektionskrankheiten der Katze. Hartmann K Hrsg. Hannover: Schlütersche; 2008: 158-173.
• 9 Hughes MS, James G, Taylor MJ, McCarroll J, Neill SD, Chen SCA, Mitchell DH, Love DN, Malik R. PCR studies of feline leprosy cases.. J Feline Med Surg 2004; 6 (04) 235-243.
• 10 Ji BH, Chen JK, Lu XZ, Wang SY, Ni GX, Hou YH, Zhou DH, Tang QK. Antimycobacterial activities of two newer ansamycins, R-76-1 and DL 473.. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1986; 54 (04) 563-577.
• 11 Kaufman AC, Greene CE, Rakich PM, Weigner DD. Treatment of localized Mycobacterium avium complex infection with clofazimine and doxycycline in a cat.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 207 (04) 457-459.
• 12 Lamagna B, Paciello O, Ragozzino M, Papparella S, Montagnaro S, Lamagna F. Isolated lepromatous conjunctivo-corneal granuloma in a cat from Italy.. Vet Ophthalmol 2009; 12 (02) 97-101.
• 13 Laprie C, Duboy J, Malik R, Fyfe J. Feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis: a review of clinical, pathological and molecular characterization of one case of Mycobacterium microti skin infection and nine cases of feline leprosy syndrome from France and New Caledonia.. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24 (06) 561-569.
• 14 Larsson CE, Michalany NS, Pinheiro SR, Ledon ALBP, Vasconcellos SA. Mycobacteriosis in domestic dogs. Report of two cases in Sao Paulo, Brazil.. Braz J Vet Res An Sci 1994; 31: 35-41.
• 15 Lawrence WE, Wickham N. Cat leprosy: infection by a bacillus resembling Mycobacterium lepraemurium.. Aust Vet J 1963; 39 (10) 390-393.
• 16 Leiker DL, Poelma FG. On the etiology of cat leprosy.. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1974; 42 (03) 312-315.
• 17 Lewis DT, Kunkle GA. Feline leprosy.. In Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, 3rd edn. Messick JB, Harvey JW. eds Philadelphia: Greene CE; 1998: 321-324.
• 18 Lloret A, Hartmann K, Pennisi MG, Gruffydd-Jones T, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Mycobacterioses in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management.. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15 (07) 591-597.
• 19 Lowe J. Rat leprosy. A critical review of the literature.. Int J Lep 1937; 5: 311-328. 463-482.
• 20 Malik R, Gabor LJ, Martin P, Mitchell DH, Dawson DJ. Subcutaneous granuloma caused by Mycobacterium avium complex infection in a cat.. Aust Vet J 1998; 76 (09) 604-607.
• 21 Malik R, Hughes MS, James G, Martin P, Wigney DI, Canfield PJ, Chen SCA, Mitchell DH, Love DN. Feline Leprosy: two different clinical syndromes.. J Feline Med Surg 2002; 4 (01) 43-59.
• 22 McIntosh DW. Feline leprosy: a review of forty-four cases from Western Canada.. Can Vet J 1982; 23 (10) 291-295.
• 23 Mori T, Kohsaka K. Identification of cat leprosy bacillus grown in mice.. Int J Lep 1986; 54: 584-595.
• 24 Mundell AC. New therapeutic agents in veterinary dermatology.. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1990; 20 (06) 1541-1545.
• 25 O‘Brien CR, Malik R, Globan M, Reppas G, McCowan C, Fyfe JA. Feline leprosy due to Candidatus ‚Mycobacterium tarwinense‘: Further clinical and molecular characterisation of 15 previously reported cases and an additional 27 cases.. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19 (05) 498-512.
• 26 O‘Brien CR, Malik R, Globan M, Reppas G, McCowan C, Fyfe JA. Feline leprosy due to Mycobacterium lepraemurium: Further clinical and molecular characterisation of 23 previously reported cases and an additional 42 cases.. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19 (07) 737-746.
• 27 O‘Brien CR, Malik R, Globan M, Reppas G, McCowan C, Fyfe JA. Feline leprosy due to Candidatus ‚Mycobacterium lepraefelis‘: Further clinical and molecular characterisation of eight previously reported cases and an additional 30 cases.. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19 (09) 919-932.
• 28 Pattyn SR. Mycobacterium lepraemurium.. In The Mycobacteria: a Source-book. Kubica GP, Wayne LG. eds New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1984: 1277
• 29 Pedersen NC. ed Atypical mycobacteriosis. In: Feline Infectious Diseases.. Goleta: American Veterinary Publications; 1998: 197
• 30 Peters DH, Clissold SP. Clarithromycin. A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential.. Drugs 1992; 44: 117-164.
• 31 Poelma FG, Leiker DL. Cat leprosy in the Netherlands.. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1974; 42 (03) 307-311.
• 32 Portaels F, Pattyn SR, Francken A. In vitro sensitivity of Mycobacterium lepraemurium for antimycobacterial drugs.. Arzneimittelforschung 1982; 32 (09) 1123-1124.
• 33 Robinson M. Skin granuloma of cats associated with acid-fast bacilli.. J Small Anim Pract 1975; 16 1-12 563-567.
• 34 Roccabianca P, Caniatti M, Scanziani E, Penati V. Feline leprosy: spontaneous remission in one cat.. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1996; 32 (03) 189-193.
• 35 Rojas-Espinosa O, Lovik M. Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepraemurium infections in domestic and wild animals.. Rev Sci Tech 2001; 20 (01) 219-251.
• 36 Schiefer HB, Middleton DM. Experimental transmission of a feline mycobacterial skin disease (feline leprosy).. Vet Pathol 1983; 20 (04) 460-471.
• 37 Sunderkötter C, Lan Ma H. Clofazimin. Lepra-Therapie und Off-Label-Use.. Dtsch Arztebl 2005; 20: 1470
• 38 Tartaglione T. Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections: role of clarithromycin and azithromycin.. Clin Ther 1997; 19 (04) 626-638.
• 39 Wilkinson GT. A non-tuberculous granuloma of the cat associated with an acid-fast bacillus.. Vet Rec 1964; 76: 777-778.
• 40 Wilkinson GT, Mason KV. Clinical aspects of mycobacterial infections of the skin.. In Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine. August JR. ed Phila delphia: Saunders; 1991: 129-136.