PDF herunterladen
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · European Journal of General Dentistry 2013; 2(01): 13-19
DOI: 10.4103/2278-9626.106795
Review Article

Hepatitis B and C infection: Clinical implications in dental practice

Saniya Setia
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Gian Sagar Dental College and Hospital, Rajpura, Punjab, India
,
Ramandeep Singh Gambhir
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Gian Sagar Dental College and Hospital, Rajpura, Punjab, India
,
Vinod Kapoor
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Gian Sagar Dental College and Hospital, Rajpura, Punjab, India
› Institutsangaben
› Weitere Informationen
  als PDF herunterladen Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

Health-care workers have an occupational risk of infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Since dental healthcare professionals have numerous patients and are exposed to blood, they are likely to have the maximum risk. HBC and HCV are transmitted by skin prick with infected, contaminated needles and syringes or through accidental inoculation of minute quantities of blood during surgical and dental procedures. HBV can be prevented by strict adherence to standard microbiological practices and techniques, and routine use of appropriate barrier precautions to prevent skin and mucous membrane exposure when handling blood and other body fluids of all patients in healthcare settings and pre-exposure vaccines. Despite many publications about programs and strategies to prevent transmission, HBV and HCV infections remain a major public health issue. Oral clinical manifestations can be observed, such as bleeding disorders, jaundice, fetor hepaticus, and xerostomia. The most frequent extrahepatic manifestations mostly affect the oral region in the form of lichen planus, xerostomia, Sjögren′s syndrome, and sialadenitis. The present paper highlights some of the important oral manifestations related to hepatitis B and C infection and various post-exposure protocols that can be undertaken to minimize the risk of infection.

Keywords

Dentistry - hepatitis - management - transmission


Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
01. November 2021

© 2013. European Journal of General Dentistry. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Grau-García-Moreno DM. Dental management of patients with liver disease. Med Oral 2003;8:231.
  • 2 Demas PN, McClain JR. Hepatitis: Implications for dental care. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:2-4.
  • 3 Golla K, Epstein JB, Cabay RJ. Liver disease: Current perspectives on medical and dental management. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98:516-21.
  • 4 Ramsay DB, Friedman M, Borum ML. Does the race or gender of hepatitis C infected patients influence physicians′ assessment of hepatitis A and hepatitis B serologic status? South Med J 2007;100:683-5.
  • 5 Malik AH, Lee WM. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Treatment strategies for the next millennium. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:723-31.
  • 6 Tandon BN, Acharaya SK, Tandon A. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in India. Gut 1996;38:56-9.
  • 7 Askarian M, Yadollahi M, Kuochak F, Danaei M, Vakili V, Momeni M. Precautions for health care workers to avoid hepatitis B and C virus infection. Int J Occup Environ Med 2011;2:191-8.
  • 8 Polish LB, Tong MJ, Co RL, Coleman PJ, Alter MJ. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among health care personnel in a community hospital. Am J Infect Control 1993;21:196-200.
  • 9 Papatheodoridis G, Hatzakis A. Public health issues of hepatitis C virus infection. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2012;26:371-80.
  • 10 Nagao Y, Matsuoka H, Kawaguchi T, Ide T, Sata M. HBV and HCV infection in Japanese dental care workers. Int J Mol Med 2008;21:791-9.
  • 11 Bosques-Padilla FJ, Vázquez-Elizondo G, Villaseñor-Todd A, Garza-González E, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JA, Maldonado-Garza HJ. Hepatitis C virus infection in health-care settings: Medical and ethical implications. Ann Hepatol 2010;9:132-40.
  • 12 Shah SM, Merchant AT, Dosman JA. Percutaneous injuries among dental professionals in Washington State. BMC Public Health 2006;6:269.
  • 13 Delius H, Gough NM, Cameron CH, Murray K. Structure of the hepatitis B virus genome. J Virol 1983;47:337-43.
  • 14 Dev AT, McCaw R, Sundararajan V, Bowden S, Sievert W. Southeast Asian patients with chronic hepatitis C: The impact of novel genotypes and race on treatment outcome. Hepatology 2002;36:1259-65.
  • 15 Krasteva A, Panov Vl, Garova M, Velikova R, Kisselova A, Krastev Z. Hepatitis B and C in Dentistry. J IMAB 2008;2:38-40.
  • 16 Cruz-Pamplona M, Margaix-Munox M, Sarrion-Perez MG. Dental considerations in patients with liver disease. J Clin Exp Dent 2011;3:127-34.
  • 17 Itharatana K. Viral hepatitis B infection. Transmission and prevention for dentists. J Dent Assoc Thai 1988;38:180-7.
  • 18 Farghaly AG, Mansour GA, Mahdy NH, Yousri A. Hepatitis B and C virus infections among patients with gingivitis and adult periodontitis: Seroprevalence and public health importance. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 1998;73:707-35.
  • 19 Arrieta JJ, Rodríguez-Iñigo E, Ortiz-Movilla N, Bartolomé J, Pardo M, Manzarbeitia F, et al. In situ detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in salivary glands. Am J Pathol 2001;158:259-64.
  • 20 Suzuki T, Omata K, Satoh T, Miyasaka T, Arai C, Maeda M, et al. Quantitative detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of HCV-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:4413-7.
  • 21 Leao JC, Teo CG, Porter SR. HCV infection: Aspects of epidemiology and transmission relevant to oral health care workers. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;35:295-300.
  • 22 Mason AL, Lau JY, Hoang N, Qian K, Alexander GJ, Xu L, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 1999;29:328-33.
  • 23 Scully C, el-Kom M. Lichen planus: Review and update on pathogenesis. J Oral Pathol 1985;14:431-58.
  • 24 Huber MA. Oral lichen planus. Quintessence Int 2004;35:731-52.
  • 25 van der Meij EH, van der Waal I. Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications. J Oral Pathol Med 2003;32:507-12.
  • 26 Boorghani M, Gholizadeh N, Taghavi Zenouz A, Vatankhah M, Mehdipour M. Oral lichen planus: clinical features, etiology, treatment and management; a review of literature. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2010;4:3-9.
  • 27 Pawlotsky JM, Dhumeaux D, Bagot M. Hepatitis C virus in dermatology. A review. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:1185-93.
  • 28 Dogan B. Dermatological manifestations in hepatitis B surface antigen carriers in east region of Turkey. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19:323-5.
  • 29 Mignogna MD, Lo Muzio L, Favia G, Mignogna RE, Carbone R, Bucci E. Oral lichen planus and HCV infection: A clinical evaluation of 263 cases. Int J Dermatol 1998;37:575-8.
  • 30 Daramola OO, George AO, Ogunbiyi AO. Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus in Nigerians: Any relationship? Int J Dermatol 2002;41:217-9.
  • 31 Lodi G, Giuliani M, Majorana A, Sardella A, Bez C, Demarosi F, et al. Lichen planus and hepatitis C virus: A multicentre study of patients with oral lesions and a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:1172-81.
  • 32 de Mattos Camargo Grossmann S, de Aguiar MC, Teixeira R, do Carmo MA. Oral lichen planus and chronic hepatitis C: A controversial association. Am J Clin Pathol 2007;127:800-4.
  • 33 Kanno CM, de Castro AL, Crivelini MM. Hepatitis C infection: Challenges in dental management and diagnosis of extrahepatic manifestations. J Oral Diag 2012;1:15-9.
  • 34 Romero MA, Seoane J, Varela-Centelles P, Diz-Dios P, Otero XL. Clinical and pathological characteristics of oral lichen planus in hepatitis C-positive and -negative patients. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2002;27:22-6.
  • 35 Figueiredo LC, Carrilho FJ, de Andrage HF, Migliari DA. Oral lichen planus and hepatitis C virus infection. Oral Dis 2002;8:42-6.
  • 36 Klanrit P, Thongprasom K, Rojanawatsirivej S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Hepatitis C virus infection in Thai patients with oral lichen planus. Oral Dis 2003;9:292-7.
  • 37 Gandolfo S, Carbone M, Carrozzo M, Gallo V. Oral lichen planus and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: Is there a relationship? A report of 10 cases. J Oral Pathol Med 1994;23:119-22.
  • 38 Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S, Carbone M, Colombatto P, Broccoletti R, Garzino-Demo P, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in Italian patients with oral lichen planus: A prospective case-control study. J Oral Pathol Med 1996;25:527-33.
  • 39 Gimenez-Garcia R, Péres-Castrillón JL. Lichen planus and hepatitis C virus infection. J Europ Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003;17:291-5.
  • 40 Nagao Y, Sata M. Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;19:1101-13.
  • 41 Cunha KS, Manso AC, Cardoso AS, Paixão JB, Coelho HS, Torres SR. Prevalence of oral lichen planus in Brazilian patients with HCV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;100:330-3.
  • 42 Lodi G, Scully C, Carrozzo M, Griffiths M, Sugerman PB, Thongprasom K. Current controversies in oral lichen planus: Report of an international consensus meeting. Part 1. Viral infections and etiopathogenesis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;100:40-51.
  • 43 Roy K, Bagg J. Hepatitis C virus and oral disease: A critical review. Oral Dis 1999;5:270-7.
  • 44 Grossmann Sde M, Teixeira R, de Aguiar MC, de Moura MD, do Carmo MA. Oral mucosal conditions in chronic hepatitis C Brazilian patients: A cross-sectional study. J Public Health Dent 2009;69:168-75.
  • 45 Carrozzo M. Oral diseases associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Part 1. Sialadenitis and salivary glands lymphoma. Oral Dis 2008;14:123-30.
  • 46 Younai FS, Murphy DC, Kotelchuck D. Occupational exposures to blood in a dental teaching environment: Results of a ten-year surveillance study. J Dent Educ 2001;65:436-48.
  • 47 Lodi G, Porter SR, Scully C. Hepatitis C virus infection: Review and implications for the dentist. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;86:8-22.
  • 48 Pedrosa PB, Cardoso TA. Viral infections in workers in hospital and research laboratory settings: A comparative review of infection modes and respective biosafety aspects. Int J Infect Dis 2011;15:e366-76.
  • 49 Smith AJ, Cameron SO, Bagg J, Kennedy D. Management of needlestick injuries in general dental practice. Br Dent J 2001;190:645-50.
  • 50 Ilgüy D, Ilgüy M, Dinçer S, Bayirli G. Prevalence of the patients with history of hepatitis in a dental facility. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2006;11:E29-32.
  • 51 Clinical Practice Guideline. Medical Management of Exposures: HIV, HBV, HCV, Human Bites and Sexual Assaults [monograph on the Internet]. Federal Bureau of Prisons; 2009. Available from: http://www.bop.gov/news/medresources.jsp. [Last accessed on 2012 Nov 07].
  • 52 European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2012;57:167-85.
  • 53 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated CDC recommendations for the management of hepatitis B virus-infected health-care providers and students. MMWR Recomm Rep 2012;61:1-12.
  • 54 European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2011;55:245-64.
  • 55 Lockhart PB, Gibson J, Pond SH, Leitch J. Dental management considerations for the patient with an acquired coagulopathy. Part 1: Coagulopathies from systemic disease. Br Dent J 2003;195:439-45.
  • 56 Douglas LR, Douglass JB, Sieck JO, Smith PJ. Oral management of the patient with end-stage liver disease and the liver transplant patient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;86:55-64.