Antibacterial effectiveness of probiotic-based experimental mouthwash against cariogenic pathogen: An in vitro study

ABSTRACT

Objectives The aim of this study is to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of probiotic-experimental-based mouthwash (MW) against Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Materials and Methods Antimicrobial screening of two active additives (probiotic-zamzam) was tested against S. mutans using disc diffusion method. A total of three MWs ; (1) an experimental MW base formula, (2) an experimental MW base formula with the two active additives, and (3) commercial MW (hexitol), were evaluated against S. mutans by well diffusion method after 24 h and 72 h storage period. The survival profile of probiotic strain in the experimental MW was determined using colony counting method as well as the pH changes at three intervals. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and t-test to compare the inhibition zone diameter. Results: For active additives, probiotic strain exhibited higher mean inhibition zones values than zamzam water against S. mutans. Regarding the inhibition zones for the three tested MWs, the experimental MW showed significant increase in the inhibition zone after 72 h, while there was insignificant change with commercial MW. For probiotic count in MW, there was insignificant change in bacterial count after 24 h, and significant decrease after 15 days, followed by insignificant change after 30 days. For the pH values of the experimental MW, a statistically insignificant change was found after 24 h, significant decrease after 15 days and insignificant change after 30 days. Conclusions The probiotic-zamzam experimental MW was effective in reducing S. mutans. Zamzam water could be considered as prebiotic ingredient. Therefore, the probiotic-zamzam MW has a potential therapeutic value.

Key words:

Lactobacillus rhamnosus - mouthwash - prebiotics - probiotics - Streptococcus mutans - zamzam

• REFERENCES

• 1 Jothika M, Vanajassun PP, Someshwar B. Effectiveness of probiotic, chlorhexidine and fluoride mouthwash against Streptococcus mutans-randomized, single-blind, in vivo study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015; 5: S44-8
• 2 Culp DJ, Robinson B, Parkkila S, Pan PW, Cash MN, Truong HN. et al. Oral colonization by Streptococcus mutans and caries development is reduced upon deletion of carbonic anhydrase VI expression in saliva. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1812: 1567-76
• 3 Scheie AA, Petersen FC. Antimicrobials in caries control. Ole F, Edwina AK, Bente N, Vibeke B. Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Munksgaard Publishing Ltd; 2008: p. 266-76
• 4 Sharma U, Jain RL, Pathak A. A clinical assessment of the effectiveness of mouthwashes in comparison to toothbrushing in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2004; 22: 38-44
• 5 Jain P, Sharma P. Probiotics and their efficacy in improving oral health: A review. J Appl Pharm Sci 2012; 2: 151-63
• 6 Harini PM, Anegundi RT. Efficacy of a probiotic and chlorhexidine mouth rinses: A short-term clinical study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2010; 28: 179-82
• 7 Caglar E, Kuscu OO, Cildir SK, Kuvvetli SS, Sandalli N. A probioticlozenge administered medical device and its effect on salivary mutans streptococci andlactobacilli. Int J Paediatr Dent 2008; 18: 35-9
• 8 Cildir SK, Germec D, Sandalli N, Ozdemir FI, Arun T, Twetman S. et al. Reduction of salivary mutans streptococci in orthodontic patients during daily consumption of yoghurt containing probiotic bacteria. Eur J Orthod 2009; 31: 407-11
• 9 Marchand J, Vandenplas Y. Micro-or-ganisms administered in the benefit of the host: Myths and facts. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12: 1077-88
• 10 Näse L, Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Saxelin M, Pönkä A, Poussa T. et al. Effect of long-term consumption of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, in milk on dental caries and caries risk in children. Caries Res 2001; 35: 412-20
• 11 Järvinen H, Tenovuo J, Huovinen P. In vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans to chlorhexidine and six other antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 1158-9
• 12 Tahmourespour A, Kermanshahi RK. The effect of a probiotic strain (Lactobacillus acidophilus) on the plaque formation of oral streptococci. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2011; 11: 37-40
• 13 Parkar SM, Thakkar P, Shah K. Antimicrobial activity of four commercially available mouthwashes against Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study. Univ Res J Dent 2013; 3: 108-12
• 14 Mashat BH. The microbiological quality of sabil free drinking water in Makkah Al-Mukarramah. JKAU Meteoral Environ Arid Land Agric Sci 2010; 21: 87-100
• 15 Nauman K, Asif A, Sumera K, Anwaar A, Muhammad I. Mineral composition and health functionality of zamzam water: A review. Int J Food Properties 2014; 17: 661-77
• 16 Alfadul SM, Khan MA. Water quality of bottled water in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A comparative study with Riyadh municipal and Zamzam water. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2011; 46: 1519-28
• 17 Vani NV, Idris AM, Abuhaya AH, Jafer M, Almutari DA. Assessment of calcium, magnesium, and fluoride in bottled and natural drinking water from Jazan Province of Saudi Arabia and a brief review on their role in tooth remineralization. J Int Oral Health 2016; 8: 1012-5
• 18 Shan J, Xiaojing H, Chengfei Z, Zhiyu C, Ting Z. Morphological and proteomic analyses of the biofilms generated by Streptococcus mutans isolated from caries-active and caries-free adults. Journal of Dental Sciences 2015; 10: 206-15
• 19 Elgamily H, Moussa A, Elboraey A, El-Sayed H, Al-Moghazy M, Abdalla A. et al. Microbiological assessment of Moringa oleifera extracts and its incorporation in novel dental remedies against some oral pathogens. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2016; 4: 585-90
• 20 Sánchez-García S, Gutiérrez-Venegas G, Juárez-Cedillo T, Reyes-Morales H, Solórzano-Santos F, García-Peña C. et al. A simplified caries risk test in stimulated saliva from elderly patients. Gerodontology 2008; 25: 26-33
• 21 Munir A, Umar J, Hameed A, Ahmed S. The effect of commercially available local brand of toothpastes against oral bacteria. Pak Oral Dent J 2005; 25: 35-40
• 22 Esteban-Tejeda L, Prado C, Cabal B, Sanz J, Torrecillas R, Moya J. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ZnO containing glasses. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0132709
• 23 Zyzelewicz D, Nebesny E, Moty I, Libudsisz Z. Effect of milk chocolate supplementation with lyophilized Lactobacillus cells on its attributes. Czech J Food Sci 2010; 28: 392-406
• 24 Soham B, Srilatha KT, Seema D. Effects of fluoridated toothpaste and mouth rinse on salivary pH in children – An in vivo study. J Oral Hyg Health 2015; 3: 192
• 25 Lang NP, Hotz P, Graf H, Geering AH, Saxer UP, Sturzenberger OP. et al. Effects of supervised chlorhexidine mouthrinses in children. A longitudinal clinical trial. J Periodontal Res 1982; 17: 101-11
• 26 Hull RR, Roberts AV, Mayes JJ. Survival of lactobacillus acidophilus in yogurt. Aust J Dairy Technol 1984; 39: 164-6
• 27 Holcomb JE, Frank JF, McGregor JU. Viability of lacto-bacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in soft- serve frozen yogurt. Cult Dairy Prod J 1991; 26: 4-5
• 28 Mercenier A, Pavan S, Pot B. Probiotics as biotherapeutic agents: Present knowledge and future prospects. Curr Pharm Des 2003; 9: 175-91
• 29 Bandyopadhyay B, Mandal N. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics – In health improvement by modulating gut microbiota: The concept revisited. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2014; 3: 410-20
• 30 Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 1995; 125: 1401-12
• 31 Simark-Mattsson C, Emilson CG, Håkansson EG, Jacobsson C, Roos K, Holm S. et al. Lactobacillus-mediated interference of mutans streptococci in caries-free vs. caries-active subjects. Eur J Oral Sci 2007; 115: 308-14
• 32 Al-Zuhair A, Al-Ghamdi H, Noorwali M. Analytical Report of Zamzam Water during the Ramadan and Hajj Seasons 1425H. The Institute of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques for Al Hajj Research Centre. Om Al Qura University; Makkah: 2005
• 33 Saha S, Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Malhotra M, Tabrizian M, Prakash S. Suppression of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans by probiotics: An in vitro study. Dentistry 2012; 2: 141
• 34 Stamatova I, Meurman JH. Probiotics: Health benefits in the mouth. Am J Dent 2009; 22: 329-38
• 35 Ahola AJ, Yli-Knuuttila H, Suomalainen T, Poussa T, Ahlström A, Meurman JH. et al. Short-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47: 799-804
• 36 Zahradnik RT, Magnusson I, Walker C, McDonell E, Hillman CH, Hillman JD. et al. Preliminary assessment of safety and effectiveness in humans of proBiora3, a probiotic mouthwash. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107: 682-90
• 37 Keller MK, Twetman S. Acid production in dental plaque after exposure to probiotic bacteria. BMC Oral Health 2012; 12: 44
• 38 Milward TA, Wilson M. The effect of chlorhexidine on Streptococcus sangius biofilms. Microbios 1989; 58: 155-64
• 39 Chand S, Gulati P, Dhingra S Swatika. Estimating the pH of commercially available dentifrices and evaluating its effect on salivary pH after brushing. J Oral Health Community Dent 2013; 7: 12-6
• 40 Collado MC, Meriluoto J, Salminen S. Measurement of aggregation properties between probiotics and pathogens: In vitro evaluation of different methods. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 71: 71-4