Introduction
In 2015 in France, there were 385 000 new cases of cancer and 150 000 deaths from
cancer [1]. Digestive cancers have the highest incidence and mortality of all types of cancer.
“Early” or “superficial” cancer comprises any neoplastic lesion involving the epithelium
(high grade dysplasia or carcinoma in situ, T1a m1), the lamina propria (T1a m2),
the muscularis mucosae (T1a m3), or the submucosa (T1b sm 1,2,3) regardless of the
presence of lymph node metastasis [2]
[3]. Among endoscopic treatments, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been steadily
developing over the last decade [4]. This treatment allows the two main limitations of endoscopic ablative therapies
or endoscopic mucosal resection to be overcome by (i) minimizing the risk of local
recurrence by providing en bloc resection of lesions regardless of their size, with
healthy tissue margins; and (ii) allowing the risk of lymph node metastases to be
assessed thanks to an optimal histological analysis of a large, orientated, single
resection specimen.
The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) recently published guidelines
on the endoscopic resection of gastrointestinal superficial lesions, focusing on ESD
[5]. Defining the optimal patient management after ESD requires taking into account
the risk of lymph node metastases, the quality of the resection, and the risk of further
treatments such as surgery or radiotherapy. Therefore, as for any other type of cancer,
it requires a multidisciplinary meeting (MDM). Given the increasing complexity of
endoscopic therapies and the specificity of the prognostic factors of superficial
cancers of the digestive tract, we have started a dedicated MDM at our institution
in 2015. The present work aims to assess the contribution of this specific MDM to
patient management.
Materials and methods
Patients
We performed a retrospective study, in the department of gastroenterology and digestive
oncology of a French tertiary referral center. All consecutive lesions resected by
endoscopy and referred to the superficial cancer of the digestive tract MDM from March
2015 to March 2017 were included. Lesions discussed were all T1 lesions (including
high grade dysplasia or early cancer) of the upper digestive tract, including the
ampulla of Vater, and early adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum.
The study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki
and has been approved by the ethical review committee for publications of Cochin University
Hospital (CLEP Decision N°: AAA-2018-08001) on 23 January 2018. All patients provided
written informed consent to endoscopic procedures and additional treatments when indicated.
Endoscopic treatment
Data were collected from the patients’ medical files, endoscopy and pathology reports.
For each lesion, the location, size, Paris classification, endoscopic resection technique
(polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), ESD, full thickness resection, hybrid
resection technique, and endoscopic papillectomy), and the type of resection (en bloc
or piece meal) were recorded.
Histological analysis
Resected specimens were pinned on polystyrene boards and fixed in 10 % formalin for
24 h. After fixation, specimens were cut into 2 – 3 mm slices and embedded in paraffin.
Blocks were further sliced at 4 μm and stained with hematoxylin – eosin – saffron.
Histological slides were assessed by pathologists experienced in digestive pathology
(FB and BT). The following data were assessed: en bloc resection, invasion of the
lateral margins, grade of dysplasia; in the case of invasive carcinomas, the following
data were recorded: grade of differentiation, presence of lymphatic or vascular invasion,
deepest tumor extent, and tumoral infiltration of the vertical (deep) margin. In the
case of submucosal invasion, the depth of the tumor front beyond the muscularis mucosae
was measured, as well as the width of this extension. For invasive carcinoma, the
margins could be either tumor-free (R0) or infiltrated with tumor (R1). Submucosal
invasion was assessed according to the Japanese classification of esophageal cancer
[6]. R0 resection was defined as an en bloc resection, with horizontal and vertical
margins free of cancer or high grade dysplasia. Curative endoscopic resection was
defined as an R0 resection without deep mural infiltration or poor histoprognostic
factors, as defined for each tumor location by the ESGE guidelines: absence of poorly
differentiated cancer, absence of lymphovascular involvement, absence of grade 2 or
3 budding for colorectal cancer (presence of de-differentiated single cells or small
clusters of up to 5 cells at the invasive front of colorectal cancer) [7], and negative vertical margin. Deep mural infiltration was defined as > 1000 µm, > 500 µm,
> 500 µm, and > 200 µm for colorectal cancers, gastric and Barrett’s esophagus cancers,
and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the esophagus, respectively [5]. Infiltration of the muscularis mucosae for early esophageal SCC was considered
to be a poor prognostic factor depending on the patient’s general status and ability
to tolerate a complementary treatment. There were no specific recommendations pertaining
to the presence of signet-ring cells [5]. The presence of submucosal invasion in the ampulla of Vater was considered to be
an indication for surgical treatment [8]. ESGE guidelines are summarized in [Table 1] [5].
Table 1
Criteria for additional treatment (non-curative endoscopic resection) according to
the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Guidelines.
|
Esophageal neoplasia
|
Gastric neoplasia[1]
|
Neoplasia of the ampulla of Vater
|
Colorectal neoplasia
|
|
Squamous cell neoplasia
|
Barrett’s neoplasia
|
|
|
|
|
Qualitative criteria
|
|
|
+
|
+
|
+ [2]
|
+
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
|
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
|
Quantitative criteria
|
|
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
|
|
> 200[3]
|
> 500
|
> 500
|
+
|
> 1000
|
For all lesions, endoscopic follow-up and re-treatment are recommended if the horizontal
margin is positive or there is piecemeal resection with no other high risk criteria.
1 Surgery is also recommended in gastric neoplasia in the case where ulcerated lesions
larger than 30 mm are diagnosed.
2 Endoscopic resection can be curative for poorly differentiated lesions smaller than
2 cm without ulcerated features.
3 Infiltration of the muscularis mucosae (M3) should raise discussion on the benefit
of an additional treatment depending on the patient’s clinical status.
Complementary treatments were: surgical resection, chemoradiotherapy (as an alternative
to surgery for esophageal or rectal cancer), chemotherapy, additional endoscopic resection,
or radiofrequency ablation (for the residual Barrett’s esophagus after endoscopic
resection of a visible neoplastic lesion).
Multidisciplinary meeting
The meeting was held on a monthly basis and the multidisciplinary group consisted
of gastrointestinal endoscopists, oncologists, digestive surgeons, pathologists, radiotherapists,
and radiologists. Cases were presented after endoscopic resection to discuss further
management and define the surveillance modalities or the need for complementary treatment.
Criteria used to indicate a complementary treatment are summarized in [Table 1]. Endoscopic images and videos were displayed and analyzed for all patients, as well
as photographs of histological slides for selected patients. A second histological
examination was performed by an expert pathologist for patients referred from other
centers. Oncological outcomes after MDM decision were reported for patient management
not in accordance with ESGE guidelines.
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as median with data range, and percentage.
Results
Patient characteristics
In total, 153 patients were included in this study. The primary tumor was located
in the esophagus (n = 52; 34.0 %), the stomach (n = 22; 14.4 %), the ampulla of Vater
(n = 6; 3.9 %), or in the colon and rectum (n = 73; 47.7 %). The median [range] age
of the patients was 68.6 [33.6 – 92.1] years. There were 95 men and 58 women. One
half of the patients (48.4 %) had comorbidities that may increase the mortality and
morbidity of a surgical approach. The median time between the diagnostic and multidisciplinary
decision was 33 days. The main patient characteristics are presented in [Table 2]. Of the 153 patients included, 138 were treated in our tertiary referral center
and 15 patients were referred from other centers.
Table 2
Patient characteristics.
|
Patients
(n = 153)
|
|
Age, median [range], years
|
68.6 [33.6 – 92.1]
|
|
Sex ratio male/female, n (%)
|
95/58 (62.1 %/37.9 %)
|
|
Comorbidity, n (%)
|
74 (48.4 %)
|
|
|
25 (33.8 %)
|
|
|
17 (23.0 %)
|
|
|
17 (23.0 %)
|
|
|
10 (13.5 %)
|
|
|
4 (5.4 %)
|
|
|
1 (1.4 %)
|
|
Time between endoscopic resection and multidisciplinary decision, median [range],
days
|
33 [8 – 187]
|
Endoscopic and histological characteristics of the lesions
The median [range] size of the lesions at endoscopy was 25 mm [4 – 150 mm]. There
were 4 tumors with signet-ring cells, in the stomach or at the esophagogastric junction.
Besides 7 failures or macroscopically incomplete resections (1 esophageal squamous
cell carcinoma, 1 gastric adenocarcinoma, and 5 colorectal adenocarcinomas), the adverse
events were 6 perforations (treated conservatively), and 1 severe bleeding episode
requiring transfusion. Failure was defined as an incomplete resection with macroscopically
visible residual tumor or a technical problem (no submucosal lifting for EMR, no dissection
in ESD).
The R0 resection rate was 81.0 % (124/153) for cancer, and 73.9 % (113/153) for cancer
and high grade dysplasia. The overall curative resection rate was 56.9 % (87/153).
Breaking down the cases according to histology and tumor location, the rates of curative
resection were 45.0 % (9/20), 68.8 % (22/32), 72.7 % (16/22), 50.0 % (3/6), and 50.7 %
(37/73) for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Barrett’s carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma,
neoplasia of the ampulla of Vater, and colorectal adenocarcinoma, respectively. Intramucosal
(T1a) cancer was diagnosed in 54.2 % (83/153) of patients. A superficial and deep
submucosal involvement was present in 18 (11.8 %) and 47 (30.7 %) patients, respectively.
The vertical margins were not analyzable (Rx) for 5 patients. Budding was present
in 10 (6.5 %) patients and lympho-vascular involvement in 23 (15 %) patients. Endoscopic
and histological characteristics based on tumor localization are reported in [Table 3] and [Table 4], respectively.
Table 3
Endoscopic characteristics of the lesions and resection techniques.
|
Esophageal neoplasia
(n = 52)
|
Gastric neoplasia
(n = 22)
|
Neoplasia of the ampulla of Vater
(n = 6)
|
Colorectal neoplasia
(n = 73)
|
|
Squamous cell neoplasia (n = 20)
|
Barrett’s neoplasia (n = 32)
|
|
|
|
|
Size, median [range], mm
|
35 [5 – 100]
|
15 [5 – 50]
|
25 [4 – 70]
|
12.5 [10 – 25]
|
35 [10 – 150]
|
|
Paris classification, n (%)
|
|
|
–
|
2 (6.3)
|
–
|
–
|
15 (20.6)
|
|
|
2 (10)
|
2 (6.3)
|
3 (13.6)
|
2 (33.3)
|
39 (53.4)
|
|
|
8 (40)
|
14 (43.7)
|
6 (27.4)
|
2 (33.3)
|
11 (15)
|
|
|
3 (15)
|
4 (12.5)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
|
–
|
3 (9.4)
|
2 (9)
|
–
|
1 (1.4)
|
|
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
|
2 (10)
|
1 (3.1)
|
1 (4.5)
|
–
|
1 (1.4)
|
|
|
4 (20)
|
5 (15.6)
|
10 (45.5)
|
2 (33.3)
|
6 (8.2)
|
|
|
1 (5)
|
1 (3.1)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Endoscopic resection technique, n (%)
|
|
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
7 (9.6)
|
|
|
2 (10)
|
5 (15.6)
|
3 (13.6)
|
|
34 (46.6)
|
|
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
5 (6.9)
|
|
|
18 (90)
|
27 (84.4)
|
19 (86.4)
|
|
25 (34.2)
|
|
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
2 (2.7)
|
|
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
6 (100)
|
–
|
|
Type of resection, n (%)
|
|
|
19 (95)
|
28 (87.5)
|
18 (81.8)
|
4 (66.7)
|
51 (69.9)
|
|
|
–
|
4 (12.5)
|
3 (13.6)
|
2 (33.3)
|
17 (23.3)
|
EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; FTRD, full
thickness resection device.
1 Macroscopically incomplete resection: 1 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, 1 gastric
adenocarcinoma, and 5 colorectal adenocarcinomas.
Table 4
Histological characteristics of the lesions.
|
Esophageal neoplasia
(n = 52)
|
Gastric neoplasia
(n = 22)
|
Neoplasia of the ampulla of Vater
(n = 6)
|
Colorectal neoplasia
(n = 73)
|
|
Squamous cell neoplasia (n = 20)
|
Barrett’s neoplasia (n = 32)
|
|
|
|
|
Size of the specimen, median [range], mm
|
48 [14 – 86]
|
15 [5 – 50]
|
41.5 [18 – 100]
|
19 [15 – 22]
|
30 [8 – 110]
|
|
R0 resection, n (%)
|
|
|
16 (80)
|
25 (78.1)
|
20 (90.9)
|
3 (50)
|
60 (82.2)
|
|
|
13 (65)
|
22 (68.6)
|
19 (86.4)
|
3 (50)
|
56 (76.7)
|
|
Positive vertical margin, n (%)
|
3 (15)
|
5 (15.6)
|
1 (4.5)
|
3 (50)
|
7 (9.6)
|
|
Positive horizontal margin, n (%)
|
2 (10)
|
3 (9.4)
|
1 (4.5)
|
2 (33.3)
|
1 (1.4)
|
|
Qualitative criteria, n (%)
|
|
|
2 (10)
|
4 (12.5)
|
3 (13.6)
|
–
|
–
|
|
|
4 (20)
|
4 (12.5)
|
5 (22.7)
|
1 (16.7)
|
9 (12.3)
|
|
|
–
|
–
|
1 (4.5)
|
1 (16.7)
|
8 (11)
|
|
Quantitative criteria, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
7 (35)
|
7 (21.9)
|
3 (13.6)
|
3 (50)
|
3 (4.1)
|
|
|
2 (10)
|
7 (21.9)
|
10 (45.5)
|
–
|
26 (35.6)
|
|
|
2 (10)
|
7 (21.9)
|
1 (4.5)
|
–
|
2 (2.7)
|
|
|
–
|
3 (9.4)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
|
|
|
–
|
3 (9.4)
|
2 (9)
|
–
|
13 (17.8)
|
|
|
8 (40)
|
5 (15.6)
|
5 (22.7)
|
3 (50)
|
26 (35.6)
|
M, mucosal; HGD, high grade dysplasia.
1 Macroscopically incomplete resection: 1 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, 1 gastric
adenocarcinoma, and 5 colorectal adenocarcinomas.
Decision of the multidisciplinary meeting
Forty-three patients (28.1 %) had an indication for a surgical treatment after endoscopic
resection. The recommendations of the MDM are summarized in [Fig. 1]. After endoscopic resection of a squamous cell superficial neoplasia, endoscopic
surveillance was considered for 6 patients. Additional endoscopic treatment was recommended
for 4 patients due to positive or non-evaluable horizontal margins. For patients with
poor histoprognostic factors (either qualitative or quantitative), positive or uncertain
vertical resection margins, complementary treatment by surgical resection was proposed
for 2 patients, and chemoradiotherapy for 8 patients in the case of comorbid conditions
and contraindications to surgery. Following endoscopic resection of a Barrett’s superficial
carcinoma, endoscopic treatment by radiofrequency ablation of endoscopic mucosal resection
was considered for 13 patients, in order to treat the residual Barrett’s esophagus.
Esophagectomy was advised for 3 patients.
Fig. 1 Recommendations of the multidisciplinary meeting for superficial cancer of the digestive
tract.
For gastric lesions, endoscopic surveillance was considered for 13 patients ([Fig. 2c, d]). Re-treatment by endoscopic resection was advised for 3 patients, for positive
or non-evaluable horizontal margins. Surgery was recommended for 6 patients.
Fig. 2 Superficial gastric and colorectal cancers. a Endoscopic image under virtual chromoendoscopy by blue laser imaging of a rectal
adenocarcinoma arising on a granular type lateral spreading tumor. b Histological view after resection by endoscopic submucosal dissection showing a T1b
well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with superficial submucosal invasion (100 µm),
hematoxylin and eosin staining. c Endoscopic image under virtual chromoendoscopy using narrow-band imaging of a gastric
Paris 0-IIa + c lesion. d Histological view on a digitized slide after hematoxylin and eosin staining, showing
a well-differentiated T1b adenocarcinoma with superficial submucosal invasion (351 µm).
Given the histologically complete resections and the absence of poor histoprognostic
factors, both endoscopic resections were considered curative and no additional treatment
was needed.
After endoscopic papillectomy, endoscopic surveillance was considered for 2 patients.
Re-treatment by endoscopic radiofrequency ablation was needed for one patient, due
to residual adenoma in the main bile duct. Surgery was advised for 3 patients presenting
ampullary carcinomas with submucosal invasion. Following colorectal endoscopic resection,
endoscopic surveillance was considered for 21 patients ([Fig. 2a, b]). A complementary endoscopic resection was advised for 23 patients, for positive
or non-evaluable horizontal margins, and EMR failure. Surgery was recommended for
29 patients.
MDM recommendations
The concordance rate between the MDM recommendation and the ESGE guidelines [5] was 92.2 % (141/153). The reason for non-concordance was mostly the presence of
comorbidities that contraindicated surgical resection or even chemoradiotherapy. This
concordance was 95 % (19/20), 81.3 % (26/32), 100 % (22/22), 100 % (6/6), and 93.2 %
(68/73) for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Barrett’s carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma,
neoplasia of the ampulla of Vater, and colorectal adenocarcinoma, respectively.
The concordance rate between the MDM recommendations and the final patient management
was 90.8 % (139/153). The reasons for non-concordance were: loss to follow-up (n = 7),
patient refusal (n = 4), contraindication to surgery (n = 1), and contraindication
to radiotherapy (n = 2). The concordance rate between the ESGE guidelines and the
final patient management was 83.7 % (128/153).
Twelve patients (7.8 %) were informed that the MDM conclusions were not in accordance
with the ESGE guidelines. All patients accepted the proposal from the dedicated MDM and
received a close follow-up by endoscopy and cross-sectional imaging rather than additional
treatment by surgery or chemoradiation. Of them, 58.3 % had a complete R0 resection.
The mean follow-up after endoscopic resection was 18.5 months (6 – 30 months). There
was no cancer related death, one tumor-unrelated death (congestive heart failure at
21 months, unrelated to endoscopic treatment) and one loco-regional recurrence. This
patient had an esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with an indication for surgery (deep
submucosal involvement). The loco-regional relapse was diagnosed after 2 months, and
the patient was treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil/cisplatin)
and esophagectomy. Pathology revealed pT3N2 squamous cell carcinoma and subsequent
follow-up was unremarkable. Finally, the recurrence rate, the non-cancer related survival,
and the disease-specific survival were 8.3 %, 91.7 %, and 100 %, respectively.
Twenty-four patients (15.7 %) in this cohort had a surgical resection following non-curative
endoscopic resection. Among those, 10/24 (41.7 %) had residual neoplasia: local residual
cancer in 7 patients (29.2 %) (3 gastric lesions, 2 ampullary carcinomas, and 2 colorectal
lesions) and lymph node metastases in 4 patients (16.7 %) (1 signet ring cell gastric
adenocarcinoma and 3 colorectal lesions). All had deep submucosal invasion, and 6
had positive vertical resection margins.
Discussion
We herein stress that the development of an MDM dedicated to superficial tumors of
the gastrointestinal tract was feasible in a tertiary center. The recommendations
of the MDM were in line with the ESGE guidelines in 92.2 % of cases.
The ESGE guidelines advise a multidisciplinary discussion in the management of superficial
cancers of the digestive tract after endoscopic resection, according to technical
and histological outcomes [5]. This discussion is of paramount importance to assess the risk of lymph node metastasis
or local recurrence. This risk will determine whether or not the endoscopic resection
was curative. It is usually considered acceptable – and the resection curative – when
below 10 %. However, the risk of lymph node metastasis should be weighed against the
risk of further treatments recommended in the case of non-curative endoscopic resection,
mostly surgical resection or chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, the MDM discussion must
take into account not only the risk of lymph node metastasis or local recurrence of
the tumor, but also the patient’s will, his or her comorbid conditions, and general
health status. We hypothesized that this discussion would require focusing on endoscopy,
pathology, and surgery, while discussions in digestive oncology multidisciplinary
meetings mainly involve radiology and chemotherapy.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the role of an MDM dedicated to
superficial cancers of the digestive tract. Palmer et al. reported the impact of a
dedicated MDM for colposcopy to avoid overtreatment in the case of discrepant cytological
or histopathological samples [9]. We found that the MDM recommendations were in accordance with the recently published
ESGE guidelines [5] in 92.2 % of all cases, and were actually followed in 90.8 % of all cases. About
a third of the patients had further treatment by surgery or chemoradiotherapy following
endoscopic resection, and 7.8 % (12/153) did not receive the treatment advised by
the guidelines due to their comorbid conditions. Among these 12 patients, we diagnosed
one loco-regional recurrence during a median follow-up of 18.5 months. This underlines
the role of the MDM discussion in high volume endoscopy centers, to adapt the ESGE
guidelines to each patient case and avoid overtreatment. To achieve this goal, endoscopists
need to collaborate with digestive oncologists, pathologists, and surgeons for optimal
patient management.
An unexpected finding of this work is the high rate of deep submucosal invasion, accounting
for one-third of all resections, despite the high R0 resection rate. This result underlines
the challenge of diagnostic endoscopy, even for experienced endoscopists, and strongly
prompts the need for an MDM discussion of cases before endoscopic resection, to avoid
unnecessary treatments.
To conclude, a multidisciplinary meeting dedicated to the superficial cancers of the
digestive tract should aim at improving patient management before and after endoscopic
resection, by indicating endoscopic resection, further treatments or by defining adequate
surveillance modalities. Monthly discussions are needed in order to allow timely complementary
treatment if needed, and conclusions should be included in the patient’s medical record
and addressed to the referent gastroenterologist.
