Prävention und Therapie der Frühgeburt. Leitlinie der DGGG, OEGGG und SGGG (S2k-Niveau, AWMF-Registernummer 015/025, Februar 2019) – Teil 2 mit Empfehlungen zur tertiären Prävention der Frühgeburt und zum Management des frühen vorzeitigen Blasensprungs

Zusammenfassung

Ziel Offizielle Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (DGGG), der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (ÖGGG) und der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (SGGG). Ziel der Leitlinie ist es, die Prädiktion, die Prävention und das Management der Frühgeburt anhand der aktuellen Literatur, der Erfahrung der Mitglieder der Leitlinienkommission einschließlich der Sicht der Selbsthilfe evidenzbasiert zu verbessern.

Methoden Anhand der internationalen Literatur entwickelten die Mitglieder der beteiligten Fachgesellschaften und Organisationen Empfehlungen und Statements. Diese wurden in einem formalen Prozess (strukturierte Konsensuskonferenzen mit neutraler Moderation, schriftliche Delphi-Abstimmung) verabschiedet.

Empfehlungen Der Teil 2 dieser Kurzversion der Leitlinie zeigt Statements und Empfehlungen zur tertiären Prävention der Frühgeburt sowie zum Management des frühen vorzeitigen Blasensprungs.

Abstract

Aims This is an official guideline of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), the Austrian Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (ÖGGG) and the Swiss Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (SGGG). The aim of this guideline is to improve the prediction, prevention and management of preterm birth based on evidence obtained from recently published scientific literature, the experience of the members of the guideline commission and the views of self-help groups.

Methods The members of the participating medical societies and organizations developed Recommendations and Statements based on the international literature. The Recommendations and Statements were adopted following a formal consensus process (structured consensus conference with neutral moderation, voting done in writing using the Delphi method to achieve consensus).

Recommendations Part 2 of this short version of the guideline presents Statements and Recommendations on the tertiary prevention of preterm birth and the management of preterm premature rupture of membranes.

Schlüsselwörter

Frühgeburt - vorzeitige Wehentätigkeit - Zervixinsuffizienz - früher vorzeitiger Blasensprung

Key words

preterm birth - preterm labor - cervical insufficiency - preterm premature rupture of membranes

• Literatur

• 1 Fischer T, Mörtl M, Reif P. et al. Statement by the OEGGG with Review of the Literature on the Mode of Delivery of Premature Infants at the Limit of Viability. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2018; 78: 1212-1216
• 2 Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Thom EA, Blackwell SC. et al. NICHD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Antenatal betamethasone for women at risk for late preterm delivery. N Engl J Med 2016; 374: 1311-1320
• 3 SGGG. Lungenreifungsinduktion bei drohender Frühgeburt. Online: https://www.sggg.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/56_ Lungenreifungsinduktion_bei_drohender_Fruehgeburt.pdf; Stand: 28.04.2019
• 4 Swiss-Paediatrics. Perinatale Betreuung an der Grenze der Lebensfähigkeit zwischen 22 und 26 vollendeten Schwangerschaftswochen. Online: http://www.swiss-paediatrics.org/sites/default/files/paediatrica/vol23/n1/pdf/10-12_0.pdf Stand: 28.04.2019
• 5 SGGG. Expertenbrief Tokolyse. Online: https://www.sggg.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/3_Fachinformationen/1_Expertenbriefe/De/41_Tokolyse_2013.pdf Stand: 28.04.2019
• 6 Sosa CG, Althabe F, Belizán JM. et al. Bed rest in singleton pregnancies for preventing preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 3: CD003581
• 7 Hobel CJ, Ross MG, Bemis RL. et al. The West Los Angeles Preterm Birth Prevention Project. I. Program impact on high-risk women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 54-62
• 8 Elliott JP, Miller HS, Coleman S. et al. A randomized multicenter study to determine the efficacy of activity restriction for preterm labor management in patients testing negative for fetal fibronectin. J Perinatol 2005; 25: 626-630
• 9 Bigelow CA, Factor SH, Miller M. et al. Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Impact of Bed Rest on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Women with Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes. Am J Perinatol 2016; 33: 356-363
• 10 da Silva Lopes K, Takemoto Y, Ota E. et al. Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 3: CD012031
• 11 Haas DM, Imperiale TF, Kirkpatrick PR. et al. Tocolytic therapy: A metaanalysis and decision analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 585-594
• 12 Haas DM, Caldwell DM, Kirkpatrick P. et al. Tocolytic therapy for preterm delivery: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 345: e6226
• 13 de Heus R, Mol BW, Erwich JJ. et al. Adverse drug reactions to tocolytic treatment for preterm labour: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2009; 338: b744
• 14 Vogel JP, Oladapo OT, Manu A. et al. New WHO recommendations to improve the outcomes of preterm birth. Lancet Glob Health 2015; 3: e589-e590
• 15 Crowther CA, Brown J, McKinlay CJ. et al. Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 8: CD001060
• 16 [Anonymous]. Practice Bulletin No. 171: Management of Preterm Labor. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 128: e155-e164
• 17 Sentilhes L, Senat MV, Ancel PY. et al. Prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: Guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 210: 217-224
• 18 Di Renzo GC, Cabero Roura L, Facchinetti F. et al. Preterm Labor and Birth Management: Recommendations from the European Association of Perinatal Medicine. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 30: 2011-2030
• 19 Vogel JP, Nardin JM, Dowswell T. et al. Combination of tocolytic agents for inhibiting preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 7: CD006169
• 20 Martinez de Tejada B, Karolinski A, Ocampo MC. et al. Prevention of preterm delivery with vaginal progesterone in women with preterm labour (4P): randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BJOG 2015; 122: 80-91
• 21 Miyazaki C, Moreno Garcia R, Ota E. et al. Tocolysis for inhibiting preterm birth in extremely preterm birth, multiple gestations and in growth-restricted fetuses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Health 2016; 13: 4
• 22 Dodd JM, Crowther CA, Middleton P. Oral betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 12: CD003927
• 23 Naik Gaunekar N, Raman P, Bain E. et al. Maintenance therapy with calcium channel blockers for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 10: CD004071
• 24 van Vliet E, Dijkema GH, Schuit E. et al. Nifedipine maintenance tocolysis and perinatal outcome: an individual participant data meta-analysis. BJOG 2016; 123: 1753-1760
• 25 Han S, Crowther CA, Moore V. Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 5: CD000940
• 26 Wood S, Rabi Y, Tang S. et al. Progesterone in women with arrested premature labor, a report of a randomised clinical trial and updated metaanalysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17: 258
• 27 Pratcorona L, Goya M, Merced C. et al. Cervical pessary to reduce preterm birth<34 weeks of gestation after an episode of preterm labor and a short cervix: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 219: 99.e16
• 28 Hermans FJR, Schuit E, Bekker MN. et al. Cervical Pessary After Arrested Preterm Labor: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 132: 741-749
• 29 King J, Flenady V. Prophylactic antibiotics for inhibiting preterm labour with intact membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 4: CD000246
• 30 Simcox R, Sin WT, Seed PT. et al. Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth in women at risk: a meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 47: 368-377
• 31 Roberts D, Brown J, Medley N. et al. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; CD004454
• 32 Deshmukh M, Patole S. Antenatal corticosteroids for neonates born before 25 Weeks-A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0176090
• 33 Zephyrin LC, Hong KN, Wapner RJ. et al. Gestational age-specific risks vs. benefits of multicourse antenatal corticosteroids for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209: 330.e337
• 34 Norman M, Piedvache A, Borch K. et al. Association of Short Antenatal Corticosteroid Administration-to-Birth Intervals With Survival and Morbidity Among Very Preterm Infants: Results from the EPICE Cohort. JAMA Pediatr 2017; 171: 678-686
• 35 Liebowitz M, Clyman RI. Antenatal Betamethasone: A Prolonged Time Interval from Administration to Delivery Is Associated with an Increased Incidence of Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Infants Born before 28 Weeks Gestation. J Pediatr 2016; 177: 114-120.e1
• 36 Norberg H, Kowalski J, Marsal K. et al. Timing of antenatal corticosteroid administration and survival in extremely preterm infants: a national population-based cohort study. BJOG 2017; 124: 1567-1574
• 37 van Baaren GJ, Vis JY, Wilms FF. et al. Predictive value of cervical length measurement and fibronectin testing in threatened preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 1185-1192
• 38 Melchor JC, Khalil A, Wing D. et al. Prediction of preterm delivery in symptomatic women using PAMG‑1, fetal fibronectin and phIGFBP‑1 tests: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018; 52: 442-451
• 39 Khandelwal M, Chang E, Hansen C. et al. Betamethasone dosing interval: 12 or 24 hours apart? A randomized, noninferiority open trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206: 201.e1-201.e11
• 40 Stutchfield P, Whitaker R, Russell I. Antenatal betamethasone and incidence of neonatal respiratory distress after elective caesarean section: pragmatic randomised trial. BMJ 2005; 331: 662
• 41 Stutchfield PR, Whitaker R, Gliddon AE. et al. Behavioural, educational and respiratory outcomes of antenatal betamethasone for term caesarean section (ASTECS trial). Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2013; 98: F195-F200
• 42 Ehsanipoor RM, Seligman NS, Saccone G. et al. Physical Examination-Indicated Cerclage. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126: 125-135
• 43 Miller ES, Grobman WA, Fonseca L. et al. Indomethacin and antibiotics in examination-indicated cerclage: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123: 1311-1316
• 44 Volpe J. Neurology of the Newborn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1995
• 45 Doyle LW, Crowther CA, Middleton P. et al. Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 1: CD004661
• 46 Crowther CA, Middleton PF, Voysey M. et al. Assessing the neuroprotective benefits for babies of antenatal magnesium sulphate: An individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2017; 14: e1002398
• 47 Backes CH, Rivera BK, Haque U. et al. Placental transfusion strategies in very preterm neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124: 47-56
• 48 Tarnow-Mordi W, Morris J, Kirby A. et al. Delayed versus Immediate Cord Clamping in Preterm Infants. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 2445-2455
• 49 Fogarty M, Osborn DA, Askie L. et al. Delayed vs. early umbilical cord clamping for preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 218: 1-18
• 50 Jonas HA, Khalid N, Schwartz SM. The relationship between Caesarean section and neonatal mortality in very-low-birthweight infants born in Washington State, USA. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1999; 13: 170-189
• 51 Lee HC, Gould JB. Survival rates and mode of delivery for vertex preterm neonates according to small- or appropriate-for-gestational-age status. Pediatrics 2006; 118: e1844
• 52 Muhuri PK, Macdorman MF, Menacker F. Method of delivery and neonatal mortality among very low birth weight infants in the United States. Matern Child Health J 2006; 10: 47-53
• 53 Malloy MH. Impact of cesarean section on neonatal mortality rates among very preterm infants in the United States, 2000–2003. Pediatrics 2008; 122: 285-292
• 54 Jonas HA, Lumley JM. The effect of mode of delivery on neonatal mortality in very low birthweight infants born in Victoria, Australia: Caesarean section is associated with increased survival in breech-presenting, but not vertex-presenting, infants. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1997; 11: 181-199
• 55 Riskin A, Riskin-Mashiah S, Lusky A. et al. The relationship between delivery mode and mortality in very low birthweight singleton vertex-presenting infants. BJOG 2004; 111: 1365-1371
• 56 Wylie BJ, Davidson LL, Batra M. et al. Method of delivery and neonatal outcome in very low-birthweight vertex-presenting fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198: 4
• 57 Ghi T, Maroni E, Arcangeli T. et al. Mode of delivery in the preterm gestation and maternal and neonatal outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23: 1424-1428
• 58 Durie DE, Sciscione AC, Hoffman MK. et al. Mode of delivery and outcomes in very low-birth-weight infants in the vertex presentation. Am J Perinatol 2011; 28: 195-200
• 59 Reddy UM, Zhang J, Sun L. et al. Neonatal mortality by attempted route of delivery in early preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207: 117. e1-117.e8
• 60 Barzilay E, Gadot Y, Koren G. Safety of vaginal delivery in very low birthweight vertex singletons: a meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 29: 3724-3729
• 61 Humberg A, Hartel C, Paul P. et al. Delivery mode and intraventricular hemorrhage risk in very-low-birth-weight infants: Observational data of the German Neonatal Network. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 212: 144-149
• 62 Holzer I, Lehner R, Ristl R. et al. Effect of delivery mode on neonatal outcome among preterm infants: an observational study. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2017; 129: 612-617
• 63 Racusin DA, Antony KM, Haase J. et al. Mode of Delivery in Premature Neonates: Does It Matter?. AJP Rep 2016; 6: e251-e259
• 64 Bergenhenegouwen L, Vlemmix F, Ensing S. et al. Preterm breech presentation: A comparison of intended vaginal and intended cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126: 1223-1230
• 65 Landon MB, Hauth JC, Leveno KJ. et al. Maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with a trial of labor after prior cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2581-2589
• 66 Landon MB, Lynch CD. Optimal timing and mode of delivery after cesarean with previous classical incision or myomectomy: a review of the data. Semin Perinatol 2011; 35: 257-261
• 67 Aberg K, Norman M, Ekeus C. Preterm birth by vacuum extraction and neonatal outcome: A population-based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 42
• 68 Franz A, Härtel C. Herting E für die Gesellschaft für Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin (GNPI) (Federführung); Kehl S für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (DGGG); Gille C für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für pädiatrische Infektiologie (DGPI); Doubek K für den Berufsverband der Frauenärzte BVF e.V.; Spellerberg B für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (DGHM); Maier RF, Vetter K für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Perinatale Medizin (DGPM); Eglin K für den Bundesverband „Das frühgeborene Kind“ e.V. (BVDfK). Sepsis bei Neugeborenen-frühe Form-durch Streptokokken der Gruppe B, Prophylaxe. Online: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/024-020.html Stand: 03.12.2018
• 69 Simon A. (Leiter der Arbeitsgruppe), Christoph J, Geffers C et al. Empfehlung zur Prävention nosokomialer Infektionen bei neonatologischen Intensivpflegepatienten mit einem Geburtsgewicht unter 1500 g. Online: https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/Krankenhaushygiene/Kommission/Downloads/Neo_Rili.pdf?__blob=publicationFile; Stand: 28.04.2019
• 70 Simon A. (federführender Autor). Ergänzende Empfehlung (2011) zur „Prävention nosokomialer Infektionen bei neonatologischen Intensivpflegepatienten mit einem Geburtsgewicht unter 1.500 g“ (2007). Online:
• 71 Christoph J, Dame C, Eckmanns T et al. Praktische Umsetzung sowie krankenhaushygienische und infektionspräventive Konsequenzen des mikrobiellen Kolonisationsscreenings bei intensivmedizinisch behandelten Früh- und Neugeborenen. Online: https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2013/Ausgaben/42_13.pdf?__blob=publication File; Stand: 28.04.2019
• 72 Richtlinie Qualitätssicherungs-Richtlinie Früh- und Reifgeborene, Stand. Inkrafttreten 01.01.2018 des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses über Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssicherung der Versorgung von Früh- und Reifgeborenen gemäß § 136 Absatz 1 Nummer 2 SGBV in Verbindung mit § 92 Abs. 1 Satz 2 Nr. 13 SGB V. Online: https://www.g-ba.de/downloads/62-492-1487/QFR-RL_2017-10-19_iK-2018-01-01.pdf; Stand: 28.04.2019
• 73 Destatis. Todesursachen. Online: https://www.destatis.de/DE/Zahlen Fakten/GesellschaftStaat/Gesundheit/Todesursachen/Todesursachen. html Stand: 28.04.2019
• 74 Bundesverband „Das frühgeborene Kind“ e.V. Leitsätze für Palliativversorgung und Trauerbegleitung in der Peri- und Neonatologie. Online: https://www.fruehgeborene.de/fuer-fachleute/palliativversorgung-undtrauerbegleitung; Stand: 28.04.2019
• 75 Grundsätze der Bundesärztekammer zur ärztlichen Sterbebegleitung. Deutsches Ärzteblatt: Ausgabe A, Praxis-Ausgabe: niedergelassene Ärzte 2011; 108: Heft 7: A346-A348. Online: https://www.bundesaerzte kammer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/Sterbebegleitung_ 17022011.pdf Stand: 28.04.2019
• 76 IQTIG. Bundesauswertung zum Erfassungsjahr 2017 – Geburtshilfe Qualitätsindikatoren. Online: https://iqtig.org/downloads/auswertung/2017/16n1gebh/QSKH_16n1-GEBH_2017_BUAW_V02_2018-08-01. pdf Stand: 28.04.2019
• 77 AQUA-Institut. 16/1 – Geburtshilfe Qualitätsindikatoren. Online: https://sqg.de/downloads/Bundesauswertungen/2014/bu_Gesamt_16N1-GEBH_2014.pdf; Stand: 28.04.2019
• 78 Dodd JM, Grivell RM, OBrien CM. et al. Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 10: CD012024
• 79 Serra V, Perales A, Meseguer J. et al. Increased doses of vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancies: a randomised controlled double-blind multicentre trial. BJOG 2013; 120: 50-57
• 80 Fonseca EB, Celik E, Parra M. et al. Progesterone and the risk of preterm birth among women with a short cervix. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 462-469
• 81 Cetingoz E, Cam C, Sakalli M. et al. Progesterone effects on preterm birth in high-risk pregnancies: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 423-429
• 82 Brizot ML, Hernandez W, Liao AW. et al. Vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twin gestations: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213: 82.e1-82.e9
• 83 Elrefaie W, Abdelhafez MS, Badawy A. Vaginal progesterone for prevention of preterm labor in asymptomatic twin pregnancies with sonographic short cervix: a randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 293: 61-67
• 84 Rode L, Klein K, Nicolaides KH. et al. Prevention of preterm delivery in twin gestations (PREDICT): a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the effect of vaginal micronized progesterone. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011; 38: 272-280
• 85 Romero R, Conde-Agudelo A, El-Refaie W. et al. Vaginal progesterone decreases preterm birth and neonatal morbidity and mortality in women with a twin gestation and a short cervix: an updated meta-analysis of individual patient data. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 49: 303-314
• 86 Berghella V, Odibo AO, To MS. et al. Cerclage for short cervix on ultrasonography: Meta-analysis of trials using individual patient-level data. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106: 181-189
• 87 Rust OA, Atlas RO, Reed J. et al. Revisiting the short cervix detected by transvaginal ultrasound in the second trimester: why cerclage therapy may not help. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 1098-1105
• 88 Berghella V, Odibo AO, Tolosa JE. Cerclage for prevention of preterm birth in women with a short cervix found on transvaginal ultrasound examination: a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 1311-1317
• 89 Althuisius SM, Dekker GA, Hummel P. et al. Final results of the Cervical Incompetence Prevention Randomized Cerclage Trial (CIPRACT): therapeutic cerclage with bed rest versus bed rest alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185: 1106-1112
• 90 Saccone G, Rust O, Althuisius S. et al. Cerclage for short cervix in twin pregnancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials using individual patient-level data. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015; 94: 352-358
• 91 Liem S, Schuit E, Hegeman M. et al. Cervical pessaries for prevention of preterm birth in women with a multiple pregnancy (ProTWIN): a multicentre, open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2013; 382: 1341-1349
• 92 Goya M, de la Calle M, Pratcorona L. et al. PECEP-Twins Trial Group. Cervical pessary to prevent preterm birth in women with twin gestation and sonographic short cervix: Amulticenter randomized controlled trial (PECEP-Twins). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214: 145-152
• 93 Dang VQ, Nguyen LK, He YTN. et al. Cervical pessary versus vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy and a cervix<38 mm: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 218: 603-604
• 94 Nicolaides KH, Syngelaki A, Poon LC. et al. Cervical pessary placement for prevention of preterm birth in unselected twin pregnancies: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214: 3.e1-3.e9
• 95 Berghella V, Dugoff L, Ludmir J. Prevention of preterm birth with pessary in twins (PoPPT): a randomized controlled trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 49: 567-572
• 96 Carreras E. Cervical pessary for preventing birth in Twin pregnancies with maternal short cervix after an episode of threatened preterm labour: randomised control trial. Abstract, 17th World Congress in Fetal Medicine, Athen 2018
• 97 Rebarber A, Bender S, Silverstein M. et al. Outcomes of emergency or physical examination-indicated cerclage in twin pregnancies compared to singleton pregnancies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 173: 43-47
• 98 Miller ES, Rajan PV, Grobman WA. Outcomes after physical examination-indicated cerclage in twin gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211: 46.e1-46.e5
• 99 Roman A, Rochelson B, Fox NS. et al. Efficacy of ultrasound-indicated cerclage in twin pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212: 788. e1-788.e6
• 100 Park JY, Cho SH, Jeon SJ. et al. Outcomes of physical examination-indicated cerclage in twin pregnancies with acute cervical insufficiency compared to singleton pregnancies. J Perinat Med 2018; 46: 845-852
• 101 van der Heyden JL. Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: different gestational ages, different problems [Thesis]. Maastricht: Maastricht University; 2014
• 102 Mercer BM, Goldenberg RL, Moawad AH. et al. The preterm prediction study: effect of gestational age and cause of preterm birth on subsequent obstetric outcome. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181: 1216-1221
• 103 Asrat T, Lewis DF, Garite TJ. et al. Rate of recurrence of preterm premature rupture of membranes in consecutive pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 1111-1115
• 104 Ramsauer B, Vidaeff AC, Hosli I. et al. The diagnosis of rupture of fetal membranes (ROM): a meta-analysis. J Perinat Med 2013; 41: 233-240
• 105 Palacio M, Kuhnert M, Berger R. et al. Meta-analysis of studies on biochemical marker tests for the diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes: comparison of performance indexes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 183
• 106 Munson LA, Graham A, Koos BJ. et al. Is there a need for digital examination in patients with spontaneous rupture of the membranes?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 562-563
• 107 Alexander JM, Mercer BM, Miodovnik M. et al. The impact of digital cervical examination on expectantly managed preterm rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183: 1003-1007
• 108 Mercer BM, Miodovnik M, Thurnau GR. et al. Antibiotic therapy for reduction of infant morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. A randomized controlled trial. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. JAMA 1997; 278: 989-995
• 109 Melamed N, Hadar E, Ben-Haroush A. et al. Factors affecting the duration of the latency period in preterm premature rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22: 1051-1056
• 110 Garite TJ, Freeman RK. Chorioamnionitis in the preterm gestation. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 539-545
• 111 Beydoun SN, Yasin SY. Premature rupture of the membranes before 28 weeks: Conservative management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155: 471-479
• 112 Major CA, de Veciana M, Lewis DF. et al. Preterm premature rupture of membranes and abruptio placentae: is there an association between these pregnancy complications?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172 (2 Pt 1) 672-676
• 113 Ananth CV, Oyelese Y, Srinivas N. et al. Preterm premature rupture of membranes, intrauterine infection, and oligohydramnios: Risk factors for placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 104: 71-77
• 114 Soraisham AS, Singhal N, McMillan DD. et al. A multicenter study on the clinical outcome of chorioamnionitis in preterm infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200: 372.e1-372.e6
• 115 Lewis DF, Robichaux AG, Jaekle RK. et al. Expectant management of preterm premature rupture of membranes and nonvertex presentation: what are the risks?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196: 6
• 116 Higgins RD, Saade G, Polin RA. et al. Evaluation and Management of Women and Newborns With a Maternal Diagnosis of Chorioamnionitis: Summary of a Workshop. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 127: 426-436
• 117 Gibbs RS, Blanco St JD, Clair PJ. et al. Quantitative bacteriology of amniotic fluid from women with clinical intraamniotic infection at term. J Infect Dis 1982; 145: 1-8
• 118 Silver RK, Gibbs RS, Castillo M. Effect of amniotic fluid bacteria on the course of labor in nulliparous women at term. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 68: 587-592
• 119 Blanco JD, Gibbs RS, Malherbe H. et al. A controlled study of genital mycoplasmas in amniotic fluid from patients with intra-amniotic infection. J Infect Dis 1983; 147: 650-653
• 120 Gibbs RS, Blanco St. JD, Clair PJ. et al. Mycoplasma hominis and intrauterine infection in late pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 1983; 10: 303-306
• 121 Gibbs RS, Blanco JD, Lipscomb K. et al. Asymptomatic parturient women with high-virulence bacteria in the amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 152 (6 Pt 1) 650-654
• 122 Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC, Hankins GDV. et al. Term maternal and neonatal complications of acute chorioamnionitis. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66: 59-62
• 123 Gomez R, Romero R, Ghezzi F. et al. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 194-202
• 124 Hofer N, Kothari R, Morris N. et al. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome is a risk factor for morbidity in preterm neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209: 542.e1-542.e11
• 125 Waters TP, Mercer BM. The management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes near the limit of fetal viability. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201: 230-240
• 126 van Teeffelen AS, van der Ham DP, Oei SG. et al. The accuracy of clinical parameters in the prediction of perinatal pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to midtrimester prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: a meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 148: 3-12
• 127 Blott M, Greenough A. Neonatal outcome after prolonged rupture of the membranes starting in the second trimester. Arch Dis Child 1988; 63: 1146-1150
• 128 [Anonymous]. Obstetric Care Consensus No. 6 Summary: Periviable Birth. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 130: 926-928
• 129 [Anonymous]. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 188: Prelabor Rupture of Membranes. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 131: e14
• 130 Bond DM, Middleton P, Levett KM. et al. Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeksʼ gestation for improving pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 3: CD004735
• 131 Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson JP. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 12: CD001058
• 132 Mackeen AD, Seibel-Seamon J, Muhammad J. et al. Tocolytics for preterm premature rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2: CD007062
• 133 Tita AT, Andrews WW. Diagnosis and management of clinical chorioamnionitis. Clin Perinatol 2010; 37: 339-354
• 134 Kunze M, Klar M, Morfeld CA. et al. Cytokines in noninvasively obtained amniotic fluid as predictors of fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215: 96.e1-96.e98
• 135 Musilova I, Kacerovsky M, Stepan M. et al. Maternal serum C-reactive protein concentration and intra-amniotic inflammation in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0182731
• 136 Mercer BM, Rabello YA, Thurnau GR. et al. The NICHD-MFMU antibiotic treatment of preterm PROM study: impact of initial amniotic fluid volume on pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194: 438-445
• 137 Abramowicz JS, Sherer DM, Warsof SL. et al. Fetoplacental and uteroplacental Doppler blood flow velocity analysis in premature rupture of membranes. Am J Perinatol 1992; 9: 353-356
• 138 Dudley J, Malcolm G, Ellwood D. Amniocentesis in the management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 31: 331-336
• 139 Musilova I, Bestvina T, Hudeckova M. et al. Vaginal fluid interleukin-6 concentrations as a point-of-care test is of value in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215: 619.e1-619.e12
• 140 Hofmeyr GJ, Eke AC, Lawrie TA. Amnioinfusion for third trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 3: CD000942
• 141 Morris JM, Roberts CL, Bowen JR. et al. Immediate delivery compared with expectant management after preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes close to term (PPROMT trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016; 387: 444-452
• 142 van der Ham DP, Vijgen SM, Nijhuis JG. et al. Induction of labor versus expectant management in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes between 34 and 37 weeks: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2012; 9: e1001208
• 143 van der Ham DP, van der Heyden JL, Opmeer BC. et al. Management of late-preterm premature rupture of membranes: the PPROMEXIL‑2 trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207: 276.e1-276.e10
• 144 Tajik P, van der Ham DP, Zafarmand MH. et al. Using vaginal Group B Streptococcus colonisation in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes to guide the decision for immediate delivery: a secondary analysis of the PPROMEXIL trials. BJOG 2014; 121: 1263-1272 discussion 1273
• 145 Quist-Nelson J, de Ruigh AA, Seidler AL. et al. Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes Meta-analysis (PPROMM) Collaboration. Immediate Delivery Compared With Expectant Management in Late Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: An Individual Participant Data Metaanalysis. Obstet Gynecol 2018; 131: 269-279
• 146 Brisch KH. Prävention durch prä- und postnatale Psychotherapie. In Brisch K‑H Hellbrügge T. Hrsg Die Anfänge der Eltern-Kind-Bindung. Schwangerschaft, Geburt und Psychotherapie. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta; 2007: 271-303
• 147 Wehkamp KH. Psychosoziale Ätiologie und psychosomatische Betreuung bei vorzeitigen Wehen. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1987; 242: 712-713
• 148 Mahler G, Grab D, Kächele H, Kreienberg R, Zimmer I. Geeignete Bewältigung bei drohender Frühgeburt – Expertenrating. In: Rohde A, Riecher-Rössler A. Hrsg Psychische Erkrankungen bei Frauen – Psychiatrie und Psychosomatik in der Gynäkologie. Regensburg: S. Roderer Verlag; 2001: 226-232
• 149 Fisch S, Klapp C, Bergmann R. et al. Psychosoziales Frühwarnsystem Babylotse Plus – Untersuchung der diagnostischen Genauigkeit des Babylotse Plus Screeningbogens. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2015; 219: P201_214
• 150 Frühgeborene: Für Familien. Online: https://www.fruehgeborene.de/fuer-familien Stand: 28.04.2019
• 151 Frühe Hilfen. Online: https://www.fruehehilfen.de Stand: 28.04.2019