Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000094.xml
Z Gastroenterol 2023; 61(06): 690-700
DOI: 10.1055/a-1890-6015
DOI: 10.1055/a-1890-6015
Übersicht
Questions to consider when caring for patients with ulcerative colitis
Alltagsrelevante Fragen für die Versorgung von Patient*innen mit Colitis ulcerosaThis work was supported by funds from the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg within the Centers for Personalized Medicine Baden-Wuerttemberg (ZPM).
Abstract
Although the management of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) is well defined by national and international guidelines, there are many debates and open questions related to daily care of UC patients. Here, we aimed to review topics with high clinical relevance including therapy algorithms, potential biomarkers for disease prognosis and response to therapy, the role of interventions targeting the gut microbiota, insights from head-to-head trials, novel UC medications, exit strategies, the impact of COVID19 on UC, care of patients with acute severe disease, cancer screening, and the role of surgery.
Zusammenfassung
Die aktuellen Therapiestandards für Patientinnen und Patienten mit Colitis ulcerosa werden durch nationale und internationale Leitlinien gut definiert. Dennoch gibt es im klinischen Alltag viele Punkte, die kontrovers diskutiert werden oder bei denen Unsicherheiten bestehen. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird eine Auswahl an Themen mit hoher klinischer Relevanz diskutiert. Diese umfassen aktuelle Therapiealgorithmen, potenzielle Biomarker für Krankheitsprognose und Therapieansprechen, Perspektiven für den therapeutischen Einsatz eines fäkalen Mikrobiotatransfers, die Bedeutung aktueller Head-to-Head-Studien, neue Medikamente, EXIT-Strategien für verschiedene Medikamente, den Einfluss der Colitis ulcerosa bzw. damit verbundener Therapien auf eine COVID-19-Erkrankung bzw. Impfung, das Management der schweren akuten Colitis, die Darmkrebsvorsorge sowie die Indikationsstellung und das Vorgehen bei Proktokolektomie und Pouchanlage.
Schlüsselwörter
Darm - chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankung - Colitis ulcerosa - Personalisierte Medizin - Fäkaler Mikrobiotatransfer - Biologika - Darmkrebsvorsorge - ProktokolektomieKeywords
Intestine - inflammatory bowel disease - ulcerative colitis - personalized medicine - fecal microbiota transfer - biologicals - colorectal cancer screening - proctocolectomyPublication History
Received: 26 February 2022
Accepted after revision: 13 June 2022
Article published online:
18 October 2022
© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
References
- 1 Raine T, Bonovas S, Burisch J. et al. ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Ulcerative Colitis: Medical Treatment. J Crohns Colitis 2021; DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab178.
- 2 Kucharzik T, Dignass AU, Atreya R. et al. Aktualisierte S3-Leitlinie Colitis ulcerosa – Living Guideline. Z Gastroenterol 2020; 58: e241-e326 DOI: 10.1055/a-1296-3444. (PMID: 33260237)
- 3 Turner D, Ricciuto A, Lewis A. et al. STRIDE-II: An Update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target strategies in IBD. Gastroenterology 2021; 160: 1570-1583 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.031. (PMID: 33359090)
- 4 Ungaro R, Colombel JF, Lissoos T. et al. A Treat-to-Target Update in Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review. Am J Gastroenterol 2019; 114: 874-883 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000183. (PMID: 30908297)
- 5 Arias MT, Vande Casteele N, Vermeire S. et al. A panel to predict long-term outcome of infliximab therapy for patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 531-538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.07.055. (PMID: 25117777)
- 6 Restellini S, Chao CY, Martel M. et al. Clinical Parameters Correlate With Endoscopic Activity of Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17: 1265-1275 e1268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.12.021. (PMID: 30583048)
- 7 Stevens TW, Gecse K, Turner JR. et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Fecal Calprotectin Concentration in Evaluating Therapeutic Outcomes of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 2333-2342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.08.019. (PMID: 32801008)
- 8 Maaser C, Petersen F, Helwig U. et al. Intestinal ultrasound for monitoring therapeutic response in patients with ulcerative colitis: results from the TRUST&UC study. Gut 2020; 69: 1629-1636 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319451. (PMID: 31862811)
- 9 Monstad IL, Solberg IC, Cvancarova M. et al. Outcome of Ulcerative Colitis 20 Years after Diagnosis in a Prospective Population-based Inception Cohort from South-Eastern Norway, the IBSEN Study. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15: 969-979 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa232. (PMID: 33367569)
- 10 Magro F, Alves C, Lopes J. et al. Histologic Features of Colon Biopsies (Geboes Score) Associated With Progression of Ulcerative Colitis for the First 36 Months After Biopsy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 2567-2576 e2569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.09.017. (PMID: 32920215)
- 11 Colman RJ, Rubin DT. Histological inflammation increases the risk of colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review. Intest Res 2016; 14: 202-210 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2016.14.3.202. (PMID: 27433141)
- 12 Le Berre C, Ricciuto A, Peyrin-Biroulet L. et al. Evolving short- and long-term goals of management of IBD: getting it right, making it last. Gastroenterology 2021; DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.076.
- 13 Verstockt B, Noor NM, Marigorta UM. et al. Results of the Seventh Scientific Workshop of ECCO: Precision Medicine in IBD-Disease Outcome and Response to Therapy. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15: 1431-1442 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab050. (PMID: 33730756)
- 14 Verstockt B, Parkes M, Lee J. How do we predict a patient’s disease course and whether they will respond to specific treatments?. Gastroenterology 2021; DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.245.
- 15 Magro F, Dias CC, Portela F. et al. Development and Validation of Risk Matrices Concerning Ulcerative Colitis Outcomes-Bayesian Network Analysis. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13: 401-409 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy168. (PMID: 30329032)
- 16 Lee JC, Lyons PA, McKinney EF. et al. Gene expression profiling of CD8+ T cells predicts prognosis in patients with Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 4170-4179 DOI: 10.1172/JCI59255. (PMID: 21946256)
- 17 McKinney EF, Lee JC, Jayne DR. et al. T-cell exhaustion, co-stimulation and clinical outcome in autoimmunity and infection. Nature 2015; 523: 612-616 DOI: 10.1038/nature14468. (PMID: 26123020)
- 18 Biasci D, Lee JC, Noor NM. et al. A blood-based prognostic biomarker in IBD. Gut 2019; 68: 1386-1395 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318343. (PMID: 31030191)
- 19 Parkes M, Noor NM, Dowling F. et al. PRedicting Outcomes For Crohn’s dIsease using a moLecular biomarkEr (PROFILE): protocol for a multicentre, randomised, biomarker-stratified trial. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e026767 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026767. (PMID: 30523133)
- 20 Aden K, Rehman A, Waschina S. et al. Metabolic Functions of Gut Microbes Associate With Efficacy of Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2019; 157: 1279-1292 e1211 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.025. (PMID: 31326413)
- 21 Feagan BG, Danese S, Loftus EV. et al. Filgotinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis (SELECTION): a phase 2b/3 double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2021; 397: 2372-2384 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00666-8. (PMID: 34090625)
- 22 Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, D’Haens G. et al. Ozanimod as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis. N Engl J Med 2021; 385: 1280-1291 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2033617. (PMID: 34587385)
- 23 Sandborn WJ, Su C, Sands BE. et al. Tofacitinib as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis. N Engl J Med 2017; 376: 1723-1736 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1606910. (PMID: 28467869)
- 24 Sands BE, Sandborn WJ, Panaccione R. et al. Ustekinumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis. N Engl J Med 2019; 381: 1201-1214 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1900750. (PMID: 31553833)
- 25 Sazonovs A, Kennedy NA, Moutsianas L. et al. HLA-DQA1*05 Carriage Associated With Development of Anti-Drug Antibodies to Infliximab and Adalimumab in Patients With Crohn’s Disease. Gastroenterology 2020; 158: 189-199 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.09.041. (PMID: 31600487)
- 26 Atreya R, Neumann H, Neufert C. et al. In vivo imaging using fluorescent antibodies to tumor necrosis factor predicts therapeutic response in Crohn’s disease. Nat Med 2014; 20: 313-318 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3462. (PMID: 24562382)
- 27 West NR, Hegazy AN, Owens BMJ. et al. Oncostatin M drives intestinal inflammation and predicts response to tumor necrosis factor-neutralizing therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Med 2017; 23: 579-589 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4307. (PMID: 28368383)
- 28 Verstockt B, Verstockt S, Dehairs J. et al. Low TREM1 expression in whole blood predicts anti-TNF response in inflammatory bowel disease. EBioMedicine 2019; 40: 733-742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.027. (PMID: 30685385)
- 29 Saurer L, Rihs S, Birrer M. et al. Elevated levels of serum-soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in patients with IBD do not correlate with intestinal TREM-1 mRNA expression and endoscopic disease activity. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6: 913-923 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.02.010.
- 30 Friedrich M, Pohin M, Jackson MA. et al. IL-1-driven stromal-neutrophil interactions define a subset of patients with inflammatory bowel disease that does not respond to therapies. Nat Med 2021; 27: 1970-1981 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01520-5. (PMID: 34675383)
- 31 Jessen B, Rodriguez-Sillke Y, Sonnenberg E. et al. Level of Tumor Necrosis Factor Production by Stimulated Blood Mononuclear Cells Can Be Used to Predict Response of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases to Infliximab. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 721-731 e721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.03.066. (PMID: 32272247)
- 32 Verstockt B, Verstockt S, Veny M. et al. Expression Levels of 4 Genes in Colon Tissue Might Be Used to Predict Which Patients Will Enter Endoscopic Remission After Vedolizumab Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18: 1142-1151 e1110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.08.030. (PMID: 31446181)
- 33 Gottlieb ZS, Sands BE. Personalized Medicine with IL-23 Blockers: Myth or Reality?. J Crohns Colitis 2021; DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab190. (PMID: 35553661)
- 34 Sandborn WJ, Armuzzi A, Liguori G. et al. Predictors of Sustained Response With Tofacitinib Therapy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab278.
- 35 Kruis W, Fric P, Pokrotnieks J. et al. Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine. Gut 2004; 53: 1617-1623 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.037747. (PMID: 15479682)
- 36 van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M. et al. Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 407-415 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1205037. (PMID: 23323867)
- 37 Machiels K, Joossens M, Sabino J. et al. A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut 2014; 63: 1275-1283 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304833. (PMID: 24021287)
- 38 McIlroy J, Ianiro G, Mukhopadhya I. et al. Review article: the gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease-avenues for microbial management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47: 26-42 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14384. (PMID: 29034981)
- 39 Moayyedi P, Surette MG, Kim PT. et al. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Induces Remission in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology 2015; 149: 102-109 e106 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.001.
- 40 Rossen NG, Fuentes S, van der Spek MJ. et al. Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial of Fecal Transplantation for Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2015; 149: 110-118 e114 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.045. (PMID: 25836986)
- 41 Paramsothy S, Kamm MA, Kaakoush NO. et al. Multidonor intensive faecal microbiota transplantation for active ulcerative colitis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 389: 1218-1228 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30182-4. (PMID: 28214091)
- 42 Costello SP, Hughes PA, Waters O. et al. Effect of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on 8-Week Remission in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019; 321: 156-164 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.20046. (PMID: 30644982)
- 43 Vermeire S, Joossens M, Verbeke K. et al. Donor Species Richness Determines Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Success in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10: 387-394 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv203. (PMID: 26519463)
- 44 Lima SF, Gogokhia L, Viladomiu M. et al. Transferable Immunoglobulin A-Coated Odoribacter splanchnicus in Responders to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Ulcerative Colitis Limits Colonic Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2022; 162: 166-178 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.061. (PMID: 34606847)
- 45 Brezina J, Bajer L, Wohl P. et al. Fecal Microbial Transplantation versus Mesalamine Enema for Treatment of Active Left-Sided Ulcerative Colitis-Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2021; 10 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132753. (PMID: 34206663)
- 46 Haifer C, Paramsothy S, Kaakoush NO. et al. Lyophilised oral faecal microbiota transplantation for ulcerative colitis (LOTUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 141-151 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00400-3. (PMID: 34863330)
- 47 Crothers JW, Chu ND, Nguyen LTT. et al. Daily, oral FMT for long-term maintenance therapy in ulcerative colitis: results of a single-center, prospective, randomized pilot study. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21: 281 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01856-9. (PMID: 34238227)
- 48 Ott SJ, Waetzig GH, Rehman A. et al. Efficacy of Sterile Fecal Filtrate Transfer for Treating Patients With Clostridium difficile Infection. Gastroenterology 2017; 152: 799-811 e797 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.010. (PMID: 27866880)
- 49 Stallmach A, Grunert P, Stallhofer J. et al. Transfer of FRozen Encapsulated multi-donor Stool filtrate for active ulcerative Colitis (FRESCO): study protocol for a prospective, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23: 173 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06095-1. (PMID: 35193638)
- 50 Lasa JS, Olivera PA, Danese S. et al. Efficacy and safety of biologics and small molecule drugs for patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 161-170 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00377-0. (PMID: 34856198)
- 51 Burr NE, Gracie DJ, Black CJ. et al. Efficacy of biological therapies and small molecules in moderate to severe ulcerative colitis: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Gut 2021; DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326390.
- 52 Peyrin-Biroulet L, Lopez A, Sandborn W. Head-to-head Comparative Studies: Challenges and Opportunities?. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11: S567-S575 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw167. (PMID: 27660343)
- 53 Laharie D, Bourreille A, Branche J. et al. Ciclosporin versus infliximab in patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous steroids: a parallel, open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 380: 1909-1915 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61084-8. (PMID: 23063316)
- 54 Williams JG, Alam MF, Alrubaiy L. et al. Infliximab versus ciclosporin for steroid-resistant acute severe ulcerative colitis (CONSTRUCT): a mixed methods, open-label, pragmatic randomised trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 1: 15-24 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30003-6. (PMID: 27595142)
- 55 Sands BE, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Loftus EV. et al. Vedolizumab versus Adalimumab for Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis. N Engl J Med 2019; 381: 1215-1226 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1905725. (PMID: 31553834)
- 56 Rubin DT, Dotan I, DuVall A. et al. Etrolizumab versus adalimumab or placebo as induction therapy for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (HIBISCUS): two phase 3 randomised, controlled trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 17-27 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00338-1. (PMID: 34798036)
- 57 Danese S, Colombel JF, Lukas M. et al. Etrolizumab versus infliximab for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (GARDENIA): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, phase 3 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 118-127 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00294-6. (PMID: 34798038)
- 58 Pouillon L, Travis S, Bossuyt P. et al. Head-to-head trials in inflammatory bowel disease: past, present and future. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17: 365-376 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-0293-9. (PMID: 32303700)
- 59 Peyrin-Biroulet L, Hart A, Bossuyt P. et al. Etrolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis in patients previously treated with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (HICKORY): a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 128-140 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00298-3. (PMID: 34798039)
- 60 Vermeire S, Lakatos PL, Ritter T. et al. Etrolizumab for maintenance therapy in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (LAUREL): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 28-37 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00295-8. (PMID: 34798037)
- 61 Almradi A, Hanzel J, Sedano R. et al. Clinical Trials of IL-12/IL-23 Inhibitors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. BioDrugs 2020; 34: 713-721 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00451-w. (PMID: 33105016)
- 62 Sandborn WJ, Ferrante M, Bhandari BR. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Continued Treatment With Mirikizumab in a Phase 2 Trial of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20: 105-115 e114 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.09.028.
- 63 d’Haens G, Kobayashi T, Morris N. et al. Efficacy and safety of mirikizumab as induction therapy in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results from the phase 3 LUCENT-1 study. J Crohns Colitis 2022: i028
- 64 D’Amico F, Allocca M, Fiorino G. Positioning ozanimod in ulcerative colitis: restoring leukocyte traffic under control. Gastroenterology 2021; DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.235.
- 65 Sandborn WJ, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Zhang J. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Etrasimod in a Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2020; 158: 550-561 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.10.035. (PMID: 31711921)
- 66 Winthrop KL, Tanaka Y, Takeuchi T. et al. Integrated safety analysis of filgotinib in patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis receiving treatment over a median of 1.6 years. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81: 184-192 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221051. (PMID: 34740884)
- 67 Sandborn WJ, Ghosh S, Panes J. et al. Efficacy of Upadacitinib in a Randomized Trial of Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2020; 158: 2139-2149 e2114 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.030.
- 68 Atreya R, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Klymenko A. et al. Cobitolimod for moderate-to-severe, left-sided ulcerative colitis (CONDUCT): a phase 2b randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging induction trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5: 1063-1075 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30301-0. (PMID: 33031757)
- 69 Doherty G, Katsanos KH, Burisch J. et al. European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation Topical Review on Treatment Withdrawal [‘Exit Strategies’] in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12: 17-31 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx101. (PMID: 28981623)
- 70 Ardizzone S, Petrillo M, Imbesi V. et al. Is maintenance therapy always necessary for patients with ulcerative colitis in remission?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13: 373-379 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00473.x. (PMID: 10102971)
- 71 Hawthorne AB, Logan RF, Hawkey CJ. et al. Randomised controlled trial of azathioprine withdrawal in ulcerative colitis. BMJ 1992; 305: 20-22 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.305.6844.20. (PMID: 1638191)
- 72 Calafat M, Manosa M, Canete F. et al. Increased risk of thiopurine-related adverse events in elderly patients with IBD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 50: 780-788 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15458. (PMID: 31429097)
- 73 Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM. et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet 2009; 374: 1617-1625 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61302-7. (PMID: 19837455)
- 74 Kobayashi T, Motoya S, Nakamura S. et al. Discontinuation of infliximab in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission (HAYABUSA): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6: 429-437 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00062-5. (PMID: 33887262)
- 75 Ungaro RC, Limketkai BN, Jensen CB. et al. Stopping 5-aminosalicylates in patients with ulcerative colitis starting biologic therapy does not increase the risk of adverse clinical outcomes: analysis of two nationwide population-based cohorts. Gut 2019; 68: 977-984 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317021. (PMID: 30420398)
- 76 Bernstein CN, Tenakoon A, Singh H. et al. Continued 5ASA use after initiation of anti-TNF or immunomodulator confers no benefit in IBD: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54: 814-832 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16518. (PMID: 34247410)
- 77 Singh S, Kim J, Zhu W. et al. No benefit of continuing vs stopping 5-aminosalicylates in patients with ulcerative colitis escalated to anti-metabolite therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 52: 481-491 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15876. (PMID: 32573825)
- 78 Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Middleton S. et al. Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monotherapy with either agent in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 392-400 e393 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.052. (PMID: 24512909)
- 79 Filippi J, Laharie D, Michiels C. et al. Efficacy of sustained combination therapy for at least 6 months with thiopurines and infliximab in patients with ulcerative colitis in clinical remission: a retrospective multicenter French experience. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9: 252-258 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv001. (PMID: 25588386)
- 80 Martin A, Nachury M, Peyrin-Biroulet L. et al. Maintenance of Remission Among Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease After Vedolizumab Discontinuation: A Multicentre Cohort Study. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14: 896-903 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa005. (PMID: 31930285)
- 81 Brenner EJ, Ungaro RC, Gearry RB. et al. Corticosteroids, But Not TNF Antagonists, Are Associated With Adverse COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Results From an International Registry. Gastroenterology 2020; 159: 481-491 e483 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.032. (PMID: 34529987)
- 82 Ungaro RC, Brenner EJ, Gearry RB. et al. Effect of IBD medications on COVID-19 outcomes: results from an international registry. Gut 2021; 70: 725-732 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322539. (PMID: 33082265)
- 83 Agrawal M, Brenner EJ, Zhang X. et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of IBD Patients with COVID-19 on Tofacitinib Therapy in the SECURE-IBD Registry. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27: 585-589 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa303. (PMID: 33325523)
- 84 Khan N, Mahmud N, Trivedi C. et al. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and course of COVID-19 disease in patients with IBD in the Veterans Affair Healthcare System. Gut 2021; 70: 1657-1664 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324356. (PMID: 33753416)
- 85 Magro F, Rahier JF, Abreu C. et al. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management During the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Ten Do’s and Don’ts from the ECCO-COVID Taskforce. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14: S798-S806 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa160. (PMID: 32722754)
- 86 Stallmach A, Sturm A, Blumenstein I. et al. Addendum to S3-Guidelines Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: Management of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the COVID-19 Pandemic – open questions and answers. Z Gastroenterol 2020; 58: 982-1002 DOI: 10.1055/a-1234-8079. (PMID: 33036052)
- 87 Siegel CA, Melmed GY, McGovern DP. et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: recommendations from an international consensus meeting. Gut 2021; 70: 635-640 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-324000. (PMID: 33472895)
- 88 Edelman-Klapper H, Zittan E, Bar-Gil Shitrit A. et al. Lower Serologic Response to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Treated With Anti-TNFalpha. Gastroenterology 2022; 162: 454-467 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.029. (PMID: 34717923)
- 89 Khan N, Mahmud N. Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in a Veterans Affairs Cohort of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease With Diverse Exposure to Immunosuppressive Medications. Gastroenterology 2021; 161: 827-836 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.05.044. (PMID: 34048782)
- 90 Lin S, Kennedy NA, Saifuddin A. et al. Antibody decay, T cell immunity and breakthrough infections following two SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with infliximab and vedolizumab. Nat Commun 2022; 13: 1379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28517-z. (PMID: 35296643)
- 91 Hindryckx P, Jairath V, D’Haens G. Acute severe ulcerative colitis: from pathophysiology to clinical management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 13: 654-664 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.116. (PMID: 27580687)
- 92 Kappelman MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Porter CQ. et al. Direct health care costs of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in US children and adults. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1907-1913 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.012. (PMID: 18854185)
- 93 Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J 1955; 2: 1041-1048 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4947.1041. (PMID: 35033015)
- 94 Gisbert JP, Chaparro M. Acute severe ulcerative colitis: State of the art treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 32: 59-69 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2018.05.007. (PMID: 30060940)
- 95 Moore AC, Bressler B. Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis: The Oxford Criteria No Longer Predict In-Hospital Colectomy Rates. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65: 576-580 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05668-6. (PMID: 31093812)
- 96 Lennard-Jones JE, Ritchie JK, Hilder W. et al. Assessment of severity in colitis: a preliminary study. Gut 1975; 16: 579-584 DOI: 10.1136/gut.16.8.579. (PMID: 1183857)
- 97 Grant RK, Jones GR, Plevris N. et al. The ACE (Albumin, CRP and Endoscopy) Index in Acute Colitis: A Simple Clinical Index on Admission that Predicts Outcome in Patients With Acute Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27: 451-457 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa088. (PMID: 32572468)
- 98 Ma R, Meng R, Zhang X. et al. Correlation between fecal calprotectin, ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity and clinical outcome in patients with acute severe colitis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20: 1498-1504 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8861. (PMID: 32765673)
- 99 Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A. et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1841-1845 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199406303302601. (PMID: 8196726)
- 100 Van Assche G, D’Haens G, Noman M. et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of 4 mg/kg versus 2 mg/kg intravenous cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1025-1031 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)01214-9. (PMID: 14517785)
- 101 Spinelli A, Bonovas S, Burisch J. et al. ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Ulcerative Colitis: Surgical Treatment. J Crohns Colitis 2021; DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab177.
- 102 Feuerstein JD, Isaacs KL, Schneider Y. et al. AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2020; 158: 1450-1461 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.006. (PMID: 31945371)
- 103 Gibson DJ, Heetun ZS, Redmond CE. et al. An accelerated infliximab induction regimen reduces the need for early colectomy in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 330-335 e331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.07.041. (PMID: 25086187)
- 104 Berinstein JA, Sheehan JL, Dias M. et al. Tofacitinib for Biologic-Experienced Hospitalized Patients With Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 2112-2120 e2111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.05.038. (PMID: 34048936)
- 105 Eaden JA, Abrams KR, Mayberry JF. The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut 2001; 48: 526-535 DOI: 10.1136/gut.48.4.526. (PMID: 11247898)
- 106 Lakatos PL, Lakatos L. Risk for colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: changes, causes and management strategies. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 3937-3947 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.3937. (PMID: 18609676)
- 107 Zheng HH, Jiang XL. Increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis of 16 observational studies. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28: 383-390 DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000576. (PMID: 26938805)
- 108 Wijnands AM, de Jong ME, Lutgens M. et al. Prognostic Factors for Advanced Colorectal Neoplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2021; 160: 1584-1598 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.036. (PMID: 33385426)
- 109 Olen O, Erichsen R, Sachs MC. et al. Colorectal cancer in Crohn’s disease: a Scandinavian population-based cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5: 475-484 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30005-4. (PMID: 32066530)
- 110 Cassinotti A, Fociani P, Duca P. et al. Modified Kudo classification can improve accuracy of virtual chromoendoscopy with FICE in endoscopic surveillance of ulcerative colitis. Endosc Int Open 2020; 8: E1414-E1422 DOI: 10.1055/a-1165-0169. (PMID: 33015345)
- 111 Klepp P, Tollisen A, Roseth A. et al. Real-life chromoendoscopy for dysplasia surveillance in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24: 4069-4076 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i35.4069. (PMID: 30254411)
- 112 Bisschops R, Bessissow T, Joseph JA. et al. Chromoendoscopy versus narrow band imaging in UC: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Gut 2018; 67: 1087-1094 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313213. (PMID: 28698230)
- 113 Har-Noy O, Katz L, Avni T. et al. Chromoendoscopy, Narrow-Band Imaging or White Light Endoscopy for Neoplasia Detection in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62: 2982-2990 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4772-y. (PMID: 28965228)
- 114 Resende RH, Ribeiro IB, de Moura DTH. et al. Surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease: is chromoendoscopy the only way to go? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Endosc Int Open 2020; 8: E578-E590 DOI: 10.1055/a-1120-8376. (PMID: 32355874)
- 115 Magro F, Gionchetti P, Eliakim R. et al. Third European Evidence-based Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Part 1: Definitions, Diagnosis, Extra-intestinal Manifestations, Pregnancy, Cancer Surveillance, Surgery, and Ileo-anal Pouch Disorders. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11: 649-670 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx008. (PMID: 28158501)
- 116 Bernstein CN, Ng SC, Lakatos PL. et al. A review of mortality and surgery in ulcerative colitis: milestones of the seriousness of the disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 2001-2010 DOI: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e318281f3bb. (PMID: 23624887)
- 117 Zhao M, Sall Jensen M, Knudsen T. et al. Trends in the use of biologicals and their treatment outcomes among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases – a Danish nationwide cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55: 541-557 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16723. (PMID: 34881439)
- 118 Heikens JT, de Vries J, van Laarhoven CJ. Quality of life, health-related quality of life and health status in patients having restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 2012; 14: 536-544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02538.x. (PMID: 21176062)
- 119 Gu J, Stocchi L, Remzi F. et al. Factors associated with postoperative morbidity, reoperation and readmission rates after laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Colorectal Dis 2013; 15: 1123-1129 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12267. (PMID: 23627886)
- 120 Boldovjakova D, Scrimgeour DSG, Parnaby CN. et al. Improved outcomes for patients undergoing colectomy for acute severe inflammatory colitis by adopting a multi-disciplinary care bundle. J Gastrointest Surg 2022; 26: 218-220 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-021-05082-2. (PMID: 34282524)
- 121 Kaplan GG, McCarthy EP, Ayanian JZ. et al. Impact of hospital volume on postoperative morbidity and mortality following a colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 680-687 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.004. (PMID: 18242604)
- 122 Quaresma AB, Barauna F, Teixeira FV. et al. Exploring the Relationship between Biologics and Postoperative Surgical Morbidity in Ulcerative Colitis: A Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040710. (PMID: 33670200)
- 123 Flynn J, Larach JT, Kong JCH. et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2021; 36: 1345-1356 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-021-03868-z. (PMID: 33611619)