Keywords
deep plane - composite flap - facelift - endoscopic facelift
Gravitational facial aging occurs along the path of least resistance, which is the
loose, areolar subsuperficial musculoaponeurotic system (sub-SMAS)/platysma glide
plane. Extended deep-plane and composite flap (unilamellar SMAS release) facelift
techniques allow anatomic reversal of this process by releasing the ligaments between
the prezygomatic, premasseteric, and subplatysmal subdivisions of this space. In this
way, these techniques reposition and fixate deeper structural tissues without manipulation
and vectoring of the skin as a separate layer. In the cases where skin excess is mild
to moderate, this means that the preauricular incision serves only the purpose of
access. With access and composite flap fixation done endoscopically through hair-bearing
incisions, the preauricular scar—a major stigma of facelift surgery—can be eliminated.
The author has done this over 41 consecutive cases with results comparable to traditional,
“open” composite flap lifting done during a period prior to the performance of the
endoscopic technique.
Unilamellar SMAS Release Techniques' Advantages
Unilamellar SMAS Release Techniques' Advantages
Modern composite flap facelifting has evolved over what is now a half century. In
1974, Skoog introduced the concept of rejuvenating the face by lifting the deeper
fascial layers, elevating what he termed the “buccal fascia” in continuity with the
neck.[1] Mitz and Peyronie subsequently named that fascial layer the SMAS, or “superficial
musculo-aponeurotic system.”[2] Hamra borrowed Skoog's technique, but abandoned the subplatysmal dissection in the
neck in favor of extensive subcutaneous undermining. Hamra eventually added the orbicularis
oculi muscle (OOM) to his flap and termed it the “composite facelift,” with the OOM
and zygomaticus muscles elevated and suspended under “extraordinary tension” to the
periosteum via a transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty approach.[3]
[4] Owsley[5] and Stuzin et al[6] subsequently advocated a two-layer extended SMAS dissection that moves the skin
and SMAS in separate directions. From the late 1990s up to the present, the efforts
of the American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS) certified facelift surgeons working
in the sub-SMAS plane have largely followed this “bilamellar” tradition, influenced
by the widespread teaching of Sundine and Connell[7] and Marten,[8] rather than composite flap techniques like Hamra's.
It was largely the facial plastic surgery (American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive
Surgery [ABFPRS]) community that maintained interest in composite flap techniques
from the late 1990s to today.[9] Their “deep-plane” dissection remained superficial to the OOM but deep to the SMAS
below the inferior border of that muscle, and did not incorporate Hamra's transblepharoplasty
manipulation of the OOM and/or zygomaticus muscles due to its high rate of lower eyelid
complications like orbicularis oculi weakness and ectropion. Like Hamra's, their sub-SMAS
dissection ended at the border of the mandible and the neck was widely undermined
only in the subcutaneous plane. The extended deep-plane facelift as reported by Jacono
and Parikh in 2011[10] incorporated a return to Skoog's subplatysmal neck dissection but maintained a midface
dissection superficial to the OOM.
In 2015, a technique was reported combining the subplatysmal neck dissection with
a sub-SMAS and suborbicularis oculi en bloc “total composite flap,” while also detailing reasons for selecting this operation
over a bilamellar technique based upon current studies of SMAS anatomy.[11] Midfacial elevation was found to be superior using the composite flap technique.
This is due to the fact that the SMAS attenuates, in thickness and measured strength,
in the area of the zygomaticus major muscle and hence cannot independently transfer
any lifting effect on the malar fat pad.[12]
[13]
[14]
[15] Full release of all sub-SMAS retaining ligaments repositions the SMAS/platysma/skin
composite flap while leaving the muscles of facial expression in their natural state,
resulting in an authentic, refreshed appearance and durable rejuvenation.
Others have reported similar benefits from unilamellar SMAS release surgery,[16]
[17] bringing a large academic contingent into alignment with lay observers in noting
the dramatic results these approaches can yield.
The Scar: A Facelift Stigma
The Scar: A Facelift Stigma
Despite all these innovations, for many potential patients the preauricular incision
remains one of the most objectionable stigmata of a facelift. In the plastic surgeon's
parlance, the word “facelift” is any procedure that involves incising in front of
the ear, while the lay population conjures any number of radical and unacceptable
images when they hear that word. Without a doubt almost any surgeon reading this article
who has performed facelift has heard a patient recoil with fear upon hearing it. “A
'facelift'??” they exclaim. “I don't need a facelift! Isn't that where they pull off
your whole face (or ear) and put it back on?” This has led plastic surgeons to invent
a plethora of alternative names to describe the operation to patients. Behind the
linguistics, though, it is in no small part the preauricular incision—and not any other portion of the face and neck lift incision complex—that gives birth to the public's horrifying yet totally unfounded aversion to facelift
surgery.
But the preauricular scar is not just a public relations problem: it is a surgical
shortcoming. Patients tolerate unacceptable facelift scars because they cannot see
them easily. It is difficult to see one's own preauricular area in a mirror directly,
and when it is attempted by looking obliquely, scar contour irregularities are hidden
for two reasons: (1) the proximal skin protrudes to cover them and (2) the contralateral
eye is shielded by the radix, impairing depth perception of three-dimensional defects.
One group that does not miss these imperfections, though, is the group of patients'
friends who may or may not say anything to the patient as they whisper among themselves
that their friend has had a facelift. The visible scar is the ultimate “telltale.”
This demands that the next generation of facial rejuvenation surgeons seek to avoid
this scar when possible by employing endoscopic—and therefore, by its strict surgical
definition, minimally invasive—procedures.
Other Endoscopic Facelift Techniques
Other Endoscopic Facelift Techniques
Endoscopic facelift techniques are typically limited to the midface/cheek area and
have primarily been done in the subperiosteal plane, since that plane lies safely
deep to the facial nerves.[18] But these subperiosteal techniques have disadvantages that account for their lack
of widespread acceptance. First, their approach is “extra-anatomic” in that it is
not the periosteum that became ptotic but the SMAS/platysma as it slid along the natural
glide plane described earlier. Second, elevating and repositioning periosteum along
the zygomatic arch simultaneously repositions the origin of the zygomatic muscle complex,
rendering the smile less natural. Finally, as mentioned, the technique only applies,
by anatomic limitation, to the midface area.
While the subperiosteal midface lift has not gained wide acceptance as a useful solution
to facial (or even isolated midfacial) aging, there have been other endoscopic facelift
techniques described with very limited sub-SMAS dissections[19] and separate sub-SMAS dissections in the mid- and lateral/lower face.[20] The latter of these involves extending the subperiosteal endo-brow dissection into
the supraperiosteal prezygomatic space. Therefore, while it does ultimately enter
the “sub-SMAS” plane, its approach to the midface is deep to the frontal branch of
the facial nerve, while the lateral portion of the SMAS elevation and/or fixation
is done superficial to the frontal branch; both flaps are fixated with spanning sutures.
The composite flap is therefore not “en bloc” since connecting the two dissections
would transect the frontal branch. As will be described in detail below, the present
technique approaches the prezygomatic space and lateral SMAS via a subcutaneous temporal/preauricular
pocket, superficial to the frontal branch of the facial nerve, exactly as in a standard
“open” composite flap technique (see [Fig. 9]). This allows the prezygomatic and premasseteric (facial) and subplatysmal (neck)
dissections to be joined and the flap fixated en bloc, using more reliable imbricating
rather than spanning sutures.
To date, there has not been a report of an endoscopically assisted en bloc, extended
composite or deep-plane face and neck lift without a preauricular scar. The present
technique is therefore a completely novel one.
Surgical Procedure
Please see [Figs. 1],[2],[3],[4],[5] for diagrams of incisions and flap anatomy, and [Figs. 6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13] for operative steps and accompanying endoscopic views as relevant.
Fig. 1 Incisions in the temporal area and in the postauricular sulcus/occipital hair (dotted lines).
Fig. 2 Limits of skin dissection, initial undermining. Blue area = subcutaneous; red area = subtemporoparietal fascia (in hair-bearing portion, to preserve follicles).
Fig. 3 superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS)/composite flap entry point shown by
dotted lines with relevant anatomy. Blue = prezygomatic space; purple = subplatysmal space; parotid gland and facial nerves are shown in yellow.
Fig. 4 Composite flap limits of dissection, shown in red. Dotted blue line = limit of skin undermining. The en bloc composite flap is shown extending from the
top of the zygomatic arch superiorly to the nasolabial fold medially to a point 6
to 8 cm below the mandibular angle inferiorly. The orbicularis oculi muscle is shown
and is included in the flap. The zygomaticus major muscle is shown deep to the dissection.
The endoscopic-assisted portion of the dissection is shown in lighter red. The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) entry point has been raised in
the neck and above the zygomatic arch, but left intact laterally in the face (area marked by red oval) so that tension is preserved for endoscopic dissection. This cuff is released after
the initial endoscopic dissection is done (see [Fig. 12]).
Fig. 5 Composite flap, shown in red, after fixation.
Fig. 6 Inferior (neck) dissection is begun via the postauricular/occipital hair-bearing
incision. A subcutaneous flap is raised and the platysmal entry point is marked, incised,
and dissected to the midline.
Fig. 7 Inferior (lower face) dissection is done via the postauricular/occipital incision.
The earlobe is retracted cephalad and secured to the preauricular skin with a 3–0
silk retention suture to facilitate the dissection, which is done with a lighted retractor
under direct vision.
Fig. 8 After the temporal incision is made and the upper subcutaneous dissection is done
(leaving a temporal patch under the hair-bearing area), the subcutaneous pocket is
connected with the inferior one.
Fig. 9 The superior portion of the composite flap entry point is incised, the orbicularis
oculi muscle is raised, the prezygomatic space is entered, and the origin of the zygomaticus
major muscle is identified using a lighted retractor under direct vision.
Fig. 10 (A) The endoscope is inserted and blunt dissection is carried medially over the origin
of the zygomaticus (ZMC) major and minor muscles and down to the nasolabial fold.
(B) Facial nerve branches, including the zygomatic branch to the ZMC major and buccal
branches, are clearly identified with the endoscope and preserved as seen in the inset.
Fig. 11 (A) The endoscopic dissection continues down into the premasseteric spaces, connecting
with the inferior dissection and extending anteriorly along the jawline for maximal
release of jowling. (B) The superficial portion of the marginal mandibular branch is identified by placing
a needle in the area of the facial vein crossing the mandible and protected as seen
in the inset.
Fig. 12 (A) The lateral superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) cuff is released under
endoscopic visualization, while a retractor elevates the inferior flap for tension.
(B) The lateral SMAS cuff as seen endoscopically.
Fig. 13 (A) The final release of all retaining ligaments up to the level of the oral commissure
and nasolabial fold is completed under direct endoscopic visualization from above
by inserting the scissors through the inferior incision. (B) The scissors are inserted via the postauricular incision and visualized through
the endoscope inserted through the temporal incision.
The operation is performed under total intravenous anesthesia (with propofol and endotracheal
intubation for mechanical airway protection). Markings are made in the upright position
and include the zygomatic arch, Pitanguy's line, the zygomatic major muscle, the facial
artery crossing the mandible, and the limits of subcutaneous and composite flap dissection.
An endoscopic browlift is typically done prior to the face and neck lift portion.
This order of procedures is important because fixation of the SMAS cuff places downward
traction on the deep temporal fascia, which restricts lateral temporal and brow elevation.
Conversely, lifting the brow first establishes a firmer and higher surface of fixation
for the temporal SMAS cuff and a more harmonious upper and midface elevation.
The areas of dissection are infiltrated with 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine
and 1 mg/ml tranexamic acid. A 2-cm anterior submental incision is usually made and
deep neck contouring (subplatysmal fat, anterior belly of the digastric, and ptotic
submandibular salivary gland reduction) along with platysmaplasty using 4–0 Mersilene
sutures is done. The postauricular incision (see [Fig. 1]) is then made and carried into the occipital hair, and a subcutaneous flap elevated
from the mastoid area down to 8 cm below the earlobe and up to the point of the previously
marked SMAS/platysma entry incision. The platysma is incised at the anterior border
of the sternocleidomastoid and the subplatysmal space elevated using sharp dissection
initially, then blunt dissection to the midline (see [Fig. 6]). Upper cervical facial nerve branches are preserved. The SMAS entry point just
above the angle of the mandible is then incised and dissected away from the parotid
capsule and masseteric fascia with a knife initially then Metzenbaum scissors and
a Trepsat dissector. This dissection is done under direct vision using a lighted retractor,
and extends up to the level of a line connecting the oral commissure and the earlobe
(see [Fig. 7]); the more anterior portion of the dissection, including the area where the marginal
mandibular nerve becomes more superficial, is left for later release under direct
endoscopic vision from above (see [Fig. 4]). This lower face dissection is then connected to the subplatysmal neck dissection,
leaving a mesentery as required over the area of the marginal mandibular branch of
the facial nerve. The dissection will be completed up to the level of the facial artery
under endoscopic guidance via the temporal approach since the marginal branch can
often be identified with the endoscope.
The vertical temporal incision is made next, approximately 3 cm long and 2 cm posterior
to the hairline. Above the helical root, a triangular anteriorly based skin flap is
created to avoid a visible incision on any bare skin there (see [Fig. 1]). Dissection goes straight down to the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia
so that a layer of temporoparietal fascia is left deep to the hair follicles; then
sharp dissection transitions back into the subcutaneous plane (see [Fig. 2]). The skin is elevated to the SMAS entry point and connected with the previously
dissected subcutaneous pocket in the lower preauricular area (see [Fig. 8]). For this endoscopic approach, the SMAS entry point forms a right angle approximately
2 cm anterior to the helical root and just below the superior border of the zygomatic
arch. The lateral line of this entry point is more posterior than the author's usual
“open” composite flap entry point to avoid prolonged indentation of the skin, which
occurs after fixation when a more medial SMAS entry is used (see Discussion below).
The horizontal line at the SMAS entry point atop the zygomatic arch is incised, leaving
the lateral border of the SMAS entry intact (see [Fig. 4]) so that an optical cavity can be created and dissection can be done under tension
using the endoscopic retractor (Karl Storz). Dissection proceeds medially into the
prezygomatic space under direct vision until the origin of the zygomaticus major muscle
is found (see [Fig. 9]). The endoscope is then introduced and blunt dissection is carried medially over
the origin of the zygomaticus minor muscle and into the medial cheek. Vertical scissor
spreading combined with Trepsat dissection allows complete and safe release of all
retaining ligaments. The zygomatic ligaments are completely released under endoscopic
visualization and blunt dissection continues over the zygomaticus muscles, into the
cheek and down to the nasolabial fold (see [Fig. 10]). Facial nerve branches including the recurrent branch between the buccal and zygomatic
rami, and the branch innervating the zygomaticus major muscle are usually seen very
clearly with the magnification power of the endoscope, giving a high degree of confidence
that these branches are protected.
Blunt dissection then continues inferiorly into the premasseteric space, which separates
easily. The dissection is connected with the sub-SMAS/platysmal dissection of the
lower face. A needle is introduced in the area of the facial artery at the border
of the mandible so that the marginal mandibular branch can be identified endoscopically
and protected (see [Fig. 11]). The lateral border of the SMAS entry point is now released to connect with the
SMAS cuff in the lower face and neck (see [Fig. 12]). The entire SMAS cuff is visible through the endoscope, extending from the area
of the upper zygomatic arch to the base of the neck. At this point, the scissors can
be introduced via the postauricular incision while the endoscope remains in the temporal
sub-SMAS cavity to visualize the dissection (see [Fig. 13]). The sub-SMAS dissection is completed in this manner, with all retaining ligaments
and fibrous attachments released up to the oral commissure. The en bloc SMAS–platysma–skin
composite flap is now released (see [Fig. 4]).
Prior to fixation, two maneuvers are required. First, excess fixed SMAS in the infralobular
area is excised and a pocket is made anterior to the mastoid by elevating the parotid
fascia (“mastoid crevasse” technique).[21] Furnas sutures of 2–0 Ethibond are placed between the concha and the mastoid periosteum.
This serves the purpose of stabilizing the ear against the downward traction that
otherwise distorts ear position and compromises jawline SMAS/platysma elevation (an
issue also with open, and particularly secondary, facelifts). Moreover, retracting
the ear posteriorly and superiorly using these Furnas sutures helps minimize pleats
of skin in front of the ear resulting from elevation of the SMAS cuff. Effectively,
superoposterior ear elevation with Furnas sutures takes the place of preauricular
skin removal; the ear returns to a normal position within a few weeks at most.
Fixation of the flap begins at the mastoid area after determining the ideal vectors.
This is done by grasping the SMAS cuff at its most superior and inferior extent with
Kocher clamps and distracting it upward and laterally while observing the face (see
[Fig. 14]). Horizontal mattress sutures of 3–0 Ethibond are placed, with the first one placed
into the mastoid “crevasse.” Several more are placed into the platysmal cuff in a
superolateral direction as appropriate for optimal neck aesthetics. Once sutures are
placed as far superiorly as can be visualized directly in the prelobular area, fixation
continues via the temporal incision. Again, horizontal mattress 3–0 Ethibond sutures
are used and fixation is done to the deep temporal fascia first. A vertical vector
is employed as much as possible by extending the subcutaneous pocket as close to the
lateral canthus as necessary to accommodate more medial points of fixation. Ethibond
sutures are placed as far down as possible to secure the lateral SMAS cuff to the
fixed preauricular SMAS. This limit is typically near the helical root. After this
is done, a running 4–0 Ethibond is placed, with the first bite secured via the postauricular
incision; then the needle end of the suture is brought up through the temporal incision
and run from inferior to superior while visualizing from the cephalad approach (see
[Fig. 5]).
Fig. 14 The appropriate vectors of fixation are determined by grasping the superficial musculoaponeurotic
system (SMAS) cuff with Kocher clamps and distracting the completely mobilized composite
flap superolaterally. Red line = SMAS cuff.
A hemostatic net using 4–0 nylon is placed in the temporal and postauricular areas
of subcutaneous undermining. A subplatysmal drain is placed in the cases where partial
submandibular gland resection is done and brought out above the left occipital hairline.
The hair-bearing (temporal and occipital) and postauricular incisions are closed with
inverted dermal 4–0 Monocryl sutures followed by a running 5–0 Prolene suture.
Discussion
Results
The author's experience in 41 cases shows en bloc composite flap face and neck lift
technique to be a safe, effective, and durable one for patients with mild to moderate
skin excess. Longevity of results is comparable to traditional “open” composite flap
facelifts as performed by the author prior to the development of the endoscopic en
bloc technique. Complication rates were minimal and similar between the two techniques.
There were no hematomas; there was one temporary right upper cervical branch (depressor
labii inferioris) weakness that resolved within 3 months. Thirty-seven of 41 patients
were very pleased with their results from the initial procedure and the remaining
4 had issues that, once addressed, left them very satisfied. Two patients, who were
among the first 15 in the series, required conversion to open composite flap lifting
after 1 year. One of these had visibly poor skin elasticity despite young age (39
years), and the other had notably heavy facial tissues. Both of these factors were
subsequently taken as relative contraindications for the procedure and no conversions
to an open procedure were necessary after that point. Among the remaining 39 patients,
2 patients had symmetric lateral cheek depressions that were correctable with fat
transfer under local anesthesia, which gave them a result that they were pleased with.
This depression deformity is a mild version of a “smile block,” a known sequelae of
deep-plane or composite flap lifting with three possible causes: (1) the cheek SMAS
fixation is too medial; (2) the OOM is partially denervated; or (3) the zygomaticus
major muscle is injured. There were no slow blink reflexes in any of the patients,
and no zygomaticus major muscle injuries occurred (something that is eminently noticeable
particularly under endoscopic visualization). This left only (1) an SMAS fixation
that was too medial as the explanation. Knowing this, a lateral shift in the design
of the lateral border, and the fixation, of SMAS cuff (as noted above in the technique
description) was made. The problem was not seen in any of the patients after this
shift in technique.
Management of Skin Redundancy
One consequence of the endoscopic composite flap technique is that, in some cases,
a “pleat” remains in the preauricular skin for several days up to 3 or 4 weeks. This
issue is more likely in patients mentioned above whose midfacial aging has taken a
more medial vector, and who might require a more lateral vector of fixation. With
experience in selecting patients and the dissection of a larger and higher subcutaneous
temporal pocket to accommodate a more vertical vector of fixation, this issue has
been minimized. However, this possibility is always disclosed to the patients preoperatively
and other patients' lateral photographs in the postoperative course are shown during
consultation.
Related to this is the issue of ear angle rotation. As a result of the modified concho-mastoid
(Furnas) sutures, the ear can remain rotated (counterclockwise on the left, clockwise
on the right) for several weeks postoperatively. However, it then returns to a normal
position. This ultimate situation is much preferable to one where the ear descends
downward and medially during healing as often occurs with open techniques where (1)
the ear is not fixated with Furnas sutures and (2) the SMAS cuff is sutured to the
preauricular fascia, which, “fixed” though it is, still exerts traction on the ear
to which it is ultimately attached. Not only does this ear deformity stand out as
a stigma of a facelift, but it also reflects a significant loss of any correction
of the lower face and jawline laxity caused by fixation to a relatively mobile structure.
The modified Furnas sutures solve both problems, stabilizing the ear and bolstering
lower face and jawline correction by effectively translating SMAS/platysma fixation
to the immobile mastoid periosteum.
Patient Selection
Patient selection is key in choosing the endoscopic technique. In general, as noted
earlier, patients with mild or moderate skin laxity are good candidates. Of course,
ideal patients for the endoscopic composite flap approach tend to lie in the younger
age group. Younger patients with gravitational “rectangularization” of the deep tissues
form the core category of ideal candidates; patients as young as 28 years, who typically
have lost significant (20–30 lb) weight and still have youthful skin elasticity, and
patients in late 30s to mid-40s are nearly unequivocally considered as endoscopic
candidates.
Some older patients with mild facial ptosis and pronounced neck laxity have been treated
quite successfully with the endoscopic technique. In these cases, the temporal endoscopic
incision and composite flap elevation is still done, at the very least for “tailoring”
of the mid and lower SMAS to avoid redundancy in the lower face. Even in these cases,
the entire midfacial dissection is done to achieve an even correction of all areas
of the face and neck. Some patients and ethnic groups age in a way that fits them
into the endoscopic category. Asian patients can be candidates even into the late
60s, still having optimal results as depicted in [Fig. 18].
Fig. 15 A patient shown (A) before and (B) 2.5 years after endoscopic, scarless composite flap face and neck lift. A platysmaplasty
with digastric and moderate salivary gland reduction and full-face nanofat transfer
(as a skin treatment only) were also performed. An endoscopic browlift had been performed
on this patient by the author 4 years prior to this before photograph. Anteroposterior
view. The patient shown (C) before and (D) 2.5 years after endoscopic, scarless composite flap face and neck lift. A platysmaplasty
with digastric and moderate salivary gland reduction and full-face nanofat transfer
(as a skin treatment only) were also performed. An endoscopic browlift had been performed
on this patient by the author 4 years prior to this before photograph. Right lateral
view.
Fig. 16 A patient shown (A) before and (B) 2.5 years after endoscopic, scarless composite flap face and neck lift. An endoscopic
browlift and platysmaplasty with digastric and moderate salivary gland reduction,
as well as full-face nanofat transfer (as a skin treatment only), were also performed.
Anteroposterior view. The patient shown (C) before and (D) 2.5 years after endoscopic, scarless composite flap face and neck lift. An endoscopic
browlift and platysmaplasty with digastric and moderate salivary gland reduction,
as well as full-face nanofat transfer (as a skin treatment only), were also performed.
Left lateral view.
Fig. 17 A patient shown (A) before and (B) 2.5 years after endoscopic, scarless composite flap face and neck lift. An endoscopic
browlift and platysmaplasty with digastric reduction were also performed. Anteroposterior
view. The patient shown (C) before and (D) 2.5 years after endoscopic, scarless composite flap face and neck lift. An endoscopic
browlift and platysmaplasty with digastric reduction were also performed. Left lateral
view.
Fig. 18 A patient shown (A) before and (B) 2.5 years after endoscopic, scarless composite flap face and neck lift. An endoscopic
browlift and platysmaplasty with digastric and moderate salivary gland reduction,
as well as full-face nanofat transfer (as a skin treatment only), were also performed.
Anteroposterior view. The patient shown (C) before and (D) 2.5 years after endoscopic, scarless composite flap face and neck lift. An endoscopic
browlift and platysmaplasty with digastric and moderate salivary gland reduction,
as well as full-face nanofat transfer (as a skin treatment only), were also performed.
Left lateral view.
The author makes the decision about whether an endoscopic procedure will be successful
by facial palpation during preoperative consultation. The soft tissues are manually
elevated with the patient looking in a mirror until an optimal correction of gravitational
aging is simulated, noting how much excess skin is present in the preauricular fold
created by this maneuver. The skin is then held in place, while the examining surgeon
then elevates the ear in a superolateral direction to estimate the degree to which
Furnas sutures will be able to flatten this preauricular fold. If the fold disappears
or nearly disappears, the endoscopic procedure is planned. In all of the cases done
so far, the decision to perform the endoscopic procedure has been successfully performed
surgically: in other words, none have been converted to an open procedure during surgery.
Patients are told that this is unlikely but possible and are consented accordingly.
Comparison to Other Techniques
The comparison to the other evolving technique of endoscopic composite flap lifting,
where the sub-SMAS midface is approached as a continuation of the lateral orbital
endoscopic browlift dissection, is an important one. As mentioned earlier, this “endo-brow”
midface approach necessitates a separate lateral and lower face flap since connecting
the two would transect the frontal branch, which runs between them. In theory, the
flaps could be connected and fixated superficially to the frontal branch after dissection,
but that would be equivalent to the technique presented here.
The advantages of endoscopically elevating a single, en bloc composite SMAS/platysma
flap as opposed to multiple separate flaps are many. First, the present “en bloc”
flap generates the same harmonious and even smooth rejuvenation as a traditional deep-plane
or composite flap facelift, while a technique that involves multiple entry points
into the SMAS/platysma will be less likely to replicate this proven effect. Second,
the integrity of the entire face/neck composite flap is better preserved when it is
raised as an en bloc unit and not separated by facial regions. This in turn will likely
better protect the longevity of the result. Third, the technique should be easier
to learn and replicate, since the procedure duplicates an existing well-known one
in the open deep-plane/composite lift other than the endoscopic assistance used to
avoid a preauricular incision. Fourth, magnification of the endoscopic camera visualization
means that facial nerve branch visualization and protection is, if anything, enhanced
rather than compromised. Of note is the fact that the single (temporary) facial nerve
weakness in this series of 41 was an upper cervical branch, which lay in an area dissected
under direct vision—exactly as in the open procedure. This is a temporary complication
that the author has had occur with approximately equal frequency using the traditional
open technique.
Finally, there are potential advantages of the endoscopic technique aside from the
avoidance of a preauricular scar. Midface structures are accessed from above rather
than laterally as in the conventional “open” composite flap technique, and the fixation
is therefore forced to be in a more vertical direction by this fact as well as the
fact that a too-lateral pull on the SMAS cuff exacerbates the above-mentioned “pleat”
of skin in the preauricular area. In most cases, a more vertical vector on the SMAS
is preferred, so this might be considered a favorable consequence of the technique
as long as the vector of lifting suits the face being operated on.
Conclusion
The preauricular scar is one of the stigmata of a facelift that discourages many patients
from having the procedure. Endoscopic en bloc composite flap face and neck lift allows
patients of younger age and/or minimal to moderate skin excess to have results comparable
in appearance and duration to conventional, “open” composite flap facelift procedures.
