Die diabetische Ketoazidose im Kindes- und Jugendalter

Zusammenfassung

Die diabetische Ketoazidose (DKA) ist eine schwere akute Komplikation des Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 (T1DM), die aufgrund eines Insulinmangels zu Hyperglykämie, Ketose und metabolischer Azidose führt. Sie tritt besonders häufig bei der Diabetesmanifestation auf, wobei die Häufigkeit weltweit variiert. Risikofaktoren sind junges Alter, Migrationshintergrund, sozioökonomische Benachteiligung und ländliche Wohngebiete. Eine verzögerte Diagnose, z. B. durch Fehldiagnosen oder einen eingeschränkten Zugang zur Versorgung, erhöht das Risiko. Die Therapie umfasst Flüssigkeits- und Elektrolytersatz sowie die Gabe von Insulin. Präventionsmaßnahmen wie Aufklärungskampagnen und Früherkennungsprogramme haben sich in Studien als wirksam erwiesen. Eine bessere Schulung von Eltern und medizinischem Personal könnte die DKA-Rate weiter senken. Ziel ist es, diese vermeidbare Komplikation durch Früherkennung und optimierte Versorgung zu reduzieren.

Abstract

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a severe acute complication of type 1 diabetes that leads to hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis due to insulin deficiency. It occurs particularly frequently at diabetes manifestation, with varying frequency worldwide. Risk factors are young age, migration background, socio-economic disadvantage and rural residential areas. Delayed diagnosis, e. g. due to misdiagnosis or limited access to care, increases the risk. Treatment includes fluid and electrolyte replacement and the administration of insulin. Prevention measures such as awareness campaigns and early detection or screening programmes have been effective in studies. Better training of parents and medical staff could further reduce the rate of DKA. The aim is to reduce this avoidable complication through early detection and optimised care.

Schlüsselwörter

Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 - Stoffwechselentgleisung - Diagnose - Ketoazidose - Prävention - Früherkennung

Keywords

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - Metabolic Derailment - Diagnosis - Ketoacidosis - Prevention - Early Detection

Publication History

Article published online:
12 August 2025

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