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DOI: 10.1055/a-2505-3519
Das Nüchternheitsgebot im Wandel der Zeit
Fasting Recommendations Throughout the AgesAutor*innen
Schon zu Beginn der Anästhesie 1846 wurde darauf hingewiesen, dass ein mehrstündiges präoperatives Nüchternheitsgebot bestehende Erschöpfungszustände verschlimmert. Dennoch hat sich in den folgenden Jahrzehnten „Nihil per os nach Mitternacht“ etabliert. Unter der Annahme, dass ein nüchterner Patient einen leeren Magen hat und somit nicht aspirieren kann, lag der Fokus auf: Hauptsache nüchtern, egal wie lange. Heute sieht man das differenzierter.
Abstract
When anaesthesia was in its infancy, the purpose of preoperative fasting was to prevent nausea and vomiting. In these early days of anaesthesia, liquid fasting periods were kept short to avoid exhaustion. The later introduction of the ‘nothing by mouth after midnight’ rule aimed to prevent aspiration. For decades, no distinction was made between clear liquids and solids. However, as studies could not demonstrate a difference in gastric residual volume when consuming clear liquids within the last 2–4 hours versus fasting for over 4 hours, the guideline recommendation regarding clear liquids was reduced to 2 hours by the end of the last century. As solid food remains in the stomach for longer, fasting periods of 6–8 hours are required. These should be adapted according to the type of food and the characteristics of the patient. However, periods of liquid fasting often exceed the recommended 2 hours, with a median duration of 9–12 hours. This can lead to dehydration, insulin resistance, and postoperative complications. As clear liquids leave the stomach quickly, an international, multidisciplinary consensus statement recommends implementing institutional protocols to minimise preoperative fasting times for liquids. These protocols can either encourage patients to drink clear liquids up to 2 hours before anaesthesia is induced or allow for liberal liquid fasting times.
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Präoperative Nüchternheitsempfehlungen basieren weitgehend auf Expertenmeinungen, es gibt nur wenig Evidenz.
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Das präoperative Nüchternheitsgebot entstand ursprünglich zur Vermeidung von Übelkeit und Erbrechen. Später etablierte sich „Nihil per os nach Mitternacht“ unter der Vorstellung, Aspirationen zu vermeiden.
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In der Praxis sind Flüssigkeitskarenzzeiten oft viel länger als die empfohlenen 2 h. Sie betragen im Median 9–12 h, was Dehydrierung, Insulinresistenz und postoperative Komplikationen begünstigt.
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Liberale Flüssigkeitsregime wie „Trinken bis Abruf“ ermöglichen kürzere Karenzzeiten und verbessern das Wohlbefinden der Patient*innen, ohne das Aspirationsrisiko zu erhöhen.
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Während klare Flüssigkeiten schnell den Magen verlassen, benötigt feste Nahrung längere Karenzzeiten, die individuell an die Art der Nahrung und Patienteneigenschaften angepasst werden sollten.
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Ein aktuelles internationales multidisziplinäres Consensus Statement empfiehlt die Einführung institutioneller Protokolle zur Vermeidung überlanger Nüchternheitsphasen. Medizinische Einrichtungen können entscheiden, ob sie ihre Patient*innen strikt bis 2 h vor der Narkoseeinleitung zum Trinken auffordern oder im Rahmen institutioneller Protokolle liberale Flüssigkeitskarenzzeiten etablieren.
Publikationsverlauf
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
25. November 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
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