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DOI: 10.1055/a-2704-5465
Das Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrom: Ein Scoping Review
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Scoping ReviewAuthors
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Zyklische Brechattacken unter chronischem Cannabis waren bis vor 25 Jahren nahezu unbekannt. Nach Legalisierung von Cannabis für den Freizeitgebrauch in Nordamerika und dem konsekutiven Anstieg des hochpotenten Cannabiskonsums nimmt die Prävalenz von cannabis-bezogenem zyklischem Erbrechen in den dortigen Notaufnahmen besorgniserregend zu. In den ROME-IV Kriterien ist das cannabis-induzierte zyklische Erbrechen nun als Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrom (CHS) definiert. Diese Übersichtsarbeit soll über den aktuellen Wissensstand zu CHS informieren, da nach der Teillegalisierung von Cannabis zum Freizeitgebrauch auch in Deutschland mit einem Anstieg der CHS-Fälle zu rechnen ist.
Methode
Scoping Review bezüglich der Diagnostik, Komplikationen, Behandlungsmöglichkeiten und Prognose des CHS.
Ergebnisse
Cannabis-bezogene zyklische Brechattacken sind in der Notfallmedizin besser bekannt als in der Allgemein- und Suchtmedizin. Oft sind junge Erwachsene betroffen. Eine sichere Differenzierung zwischen CHS und dem nosologisch verwandten Cyclic Vomiting Syndrom (CVS) – bei dem 30% der Betroffenen ebenfalls chronisch Cannabis konsumieren – ist nur durch Feststellung einer Remission während einer mindestens 6-monatigen Abstinenz möglich. Deshalb werden in den Notaufnahmen meistens Mischformen aus CVS und CHS gesehen (suspektes CHS), manchmal mit maskierten vital bedrohlichen Komorbiditäten. Durch das schwere Erbrechen können ebenfalls gravierende Komplikationen entstehen. Übliche Antiemetika sind oft wirkungslos. Heißes Duschen und Baden (diagnostisches Nebenkriterium in ROM-IV) sowie Haloperidol (bis 5 mg i.m.) können das schwere Erbrechen akut linderen. Auch eine Einreibung des Abdomens mit 0,075-0,1%er Capsaicin-Creme hilft, jedoch weniger schnell. Nach mehreren zyklischen CHS-Clustern, sinkt die individuelle Schwelle für deren Auftreten fortlaufend (Chronifizierung): Cannabis Rückfälle führen schon bei niedrigen Dosen zu stärkeren und längeren zyklischen CHS-Clustern als davor erlebt (Sensitisierung).
Schlussfolgerung
Das CHS wird nosologisch in ROME-IV als spezielle Variante des CVS eingeordnet, aber es ist auch eine spezifische und meistens schwere cannabis-bezogene Erkrankung. Da eine Vollremission und Heilung (Vollremission mindestens 5 Jahre lang) nur durch eine anhaltende Cannabis-Abstinenz zu erreichen ist, liefert das suspekte CHS eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung für verschiedene medizinische Disziplinen, der Konsiliar-/ Liaisonpsychiatrie und der Suchthilfe.
Abstract
Background
Cyclic vomiting attacks associated with chronic cannabis use were virtually unknown until 25 years ago. Following legalization of cannabis for recreational use in North America and the resulting increase in high-potency cannabis use, the prevalence of cannabis-related cyclic vomiting in emergency departments was increasing at an alarming rate. In the ROME-IV criteria, cannabis-induced cyclic vomiting is now defined as cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS). This review is intended to provide information on the current state of knowledge on CHS, as an increase in CHS cases is also to be expected in Germany following the partial legalization of cannabis for recreational use.
Methods
Scoping review on the diagnosis, complications, treatment options and prognosis of CHS
Results
Cannabis-related cyclic vomiting attacks are better known in emergency medicine than in general medicine and addiction medicine. Young adults are often affected. A reliable differentiation between CHS and the nosologically related cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) – in which 30% of those affected also use cannabis chronically – is only possible by establishing remission during at least 6 months of abstinence. For this reason, mixed forms of CVS and CHS are usually seen in emergency departments (suspicious CHS), sometimes with masked life-threatening comorbidities. Severe vomiting can also lead to serious complications. Common antiemetics are often ineffective. Hot showers and baths (diagnostic secondary criterion in ROM-IV) and haloperidol (up to 5 mg i.m.) can acutely alleviate the severe vomiting. Rubbing the abdomen with 0.075-0.1% capsaicin cream also helps, but less quickly. After several cyclical CHS clusters, the individual threshold for their occurrence decreases continuously (chronification): Cannabis relapses, even at low doses, lead to stronger and longer cyclic CHS clusters than experienced before (sensitization).
Conclusion
CHS is nosologically classified in ROME-IV as a specific variant of CVS, but it is also a specific and mostly a severe cannabis-related disorder. As full remission and cure (full remission for at least 5 years) can only be achieved through sustained abstinence from cannabis, suspected CHS presents an interdisciplinary challenge for various medical disciplines, consultation/liaison psychiatry and addiction support systems.
Schlüsselwörter
THC - zyklisches Erbrechen - zyklische zentrale Sensitisierung - Haloperidol - CapsaicinPublication History
Received: 09 March 2025
Accepted after revision: 02 September 2025
Article published online:
12 November 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
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