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DOI: 10.1055/a-2707-7713
Diagnostik und Therapie der kongenitalen Tränenwegsstenose
Diagnosis and management of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstructionAuthors
Bis zu einem Fünftel aller Neugeborenen zeigen in den ersten Lebenswochen eine kongenitale Tränenwegsstenose mit Epiphora-Symptomatik. Es gibt eine hohe Spontanöffnungsrate im 1. Lebensjahr. Typischerweise zeigt sich ein erhöhter Tränenmeniskus sowie eine feuchte mediale Lidregion mit eventuell verklebten Zilien. Bei persistierender Symptomatik nach konservativer Therapie gibt es verschiedene interventionelle Therapiemöglichkeiten.
Abstract
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) represents the most prevalent cause
of epiphora in infancy, with a reported incidence of approximately 6–20% of newborns.
In the majority of cases, a membranous occlusion at the valve of Hasner is responsible,
with spontaneous resolution occurring in up to 96% within the first year of life.
Clinical signs comprise persistent tearing, an elevated tear meniscus and recurrent
mucopurulent discharge; digital pressure on the lacrimal sac may induce retrograde
reflux. Ophthalmic examination is indispensable to exclude differential diagnoses
such as congenital glaucoma, keratoconjunctivitis or eyelid malposition.
Given the high probability of spontaneous resolution, conservative management is the
treatment of choice during the first 6–12 months of life, including parental instructions,
consistent lid hygiene, and lacrimal sac massage. Topical antibiotics should be restricted
to short-term application in the presence of
bacterial superinfection.
In cases of persistent obstruction or complicated disease lacrimal probing is indicated,
usually after 12 months of age in general anaesthesia. Silicone intubation is recommended
for complex or recurrent obstructions, failed probing, or in older children, and associated
with substantially improved success rates. Endoscopic techniques including transcanalicular
dacryoendoscopy, ballon dacryoplasty, and endonasal endoscopy can be helpful in refractory
and anatomically complex cases. Dacryocystorhinostomy serves as ultima ratio surgery
in treatment-refractory or bony stenosis and should not be performed before the age
of one year.
A staged, evidence-based therapeutic management beginning with conservative measures
and escalating to age- and anatomy-adapted interventions, is recommended to achieve
favourable outcomes.
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Die kongenitale Tränenwegsstenose ist die häufigste Ursache kindlicher Epiphora und heilt in bis zu 96% der Fälle spontan im 1. Lebensjahr ab.
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Eine konservative Therapie mit korrekter Massage und Lidpflege ist in unkomplizierten Fällen bis zum Alter von 12 Monaten angezeigt. Bei bakterieller Superinfektion kann eine kurzfristige antibiotische Lokaltherapie sinnvoll sein.
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Die Sondierung stellt den ersten interventionellen Therapieschritt dar. Sie kann bei ausgeprägter Symptomatik frühzeitig unter Lokalanästhesie durchgeführt werden, erfolgt jedoch in der Regel ab dem 12. Lebensmonat und dann unter Allgemeinanästhesie.
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Rezidivierende oder persistierende Stenosen sowie komplexe Befunde erfordern eine Silikonintubation. Auch bei einem Alter > 24 Monate sollte stets eine Intubation erfolgen.
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Additive Verfahren wie transkanalikuläre Dakryoendoskopie, Ballondilatation oder endonasale Endoskopie können in komplexen Fällen ergänzend eingesetzt werden.
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Die DCR ist die chirurgische Ultima Ratio bei therapierefraktären oder knöchernen Stenosen und sollte nicht vor dem 2. Lebensjahr durchgeführt werden.
Schlüsselwörter
Kongenitale Tränenwegsstenose - Tränenwegsspülung - Tränenwegsintubation - Epiphora - Tränenwegsendoskopie - Hasner’sche KlappeKeywords
Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction - lacrimal syringing - lacrimal intubation - epiphora - dacryoendoscopy - Hasner valvePublication History
Article published online:
17 November 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
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