Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-2714-3060
Thyreoglobulin
Ein wichtiger Tumormarker und eine Herausforderung für Labor und KlinikThyroglobulinAn important tumor marker and laboratory challengeAuthors
Zusammenfassung
Die Bestimmungen von Thyreoglobulin (TG) im Serum/Plasma und die Ultraschall-untersuchung des Halses sind derzeit die Hauptpfeiler der postoperativen Überwachung von Patienten mit differenzierten Schilddrüsenmalignomen (DTC). TG kann bei diesen Patienten unter notwendiger Levothyroxin-Medikation in TSH-supprimierender Dosierung als Tumormarker bestimmt werden. Die immunologische TG-Bestimmung als Laborparameter ist in der Schilddrüsenmalignom-Nachsorge immer an eine Bestätigung des Testergebnisses gebunden, um interferierende Störgrößen zu erkennen. Hierzu gibt es zwei häufig eingesetzte Möglichkeiten: erstens die TG-Wiederfindungsrate (Recovery) und zweitens die Bestimmung von Anti-TG-Autoantikörpern (TGAk). Beide Tests lösen aber das Problem der richtigen TG-Bestimmung nur unzureichend. Eine weitere wichtige Störmöglichkeit sind heterophile Antikörper. Die massenspektroskopische TG-Bestimmung ist eine aufwendigere Alternative, die in unklaren Fällen genutzt werden kann.
Abstract
Serum/plasma thyroglobulin (TG) levels and neck ultrasonography are currently the mainstay of postoperative monitoring in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). TG can be determined as a tumor marker in these patients under required levothyroxine treatment at TSH suppressive doses. The immunologic determination of TG as a laboratory parameter in the follow-up of thyroid malignancies always requires confirmation of the test result in order to detect interfering variables. There are two commonly used options: first, the TG recovery rate and second, the determination of anti-TG autoantibodies (TGAb). However, neither test adequately addresses the issue of correct TG determination. Heterophilic antibodies are another important source of interference. Mass spectroscopic TG determination is a more complex alternative that can be used in inconclusive cases.
-
Immunologisch bestimmtes Serum-TG ist ein wichtiger Eckpfeiler im Management des differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinoms und liefert wichtige Informationen über das Vorliegen oder Nichtvorliegen von solchen Malignomen, seinen Rezidiven oder Metastasen.
-
Zur Verlaufsbeobachtung immer gleiche Labormethode (Präanalytik berücksichtigen).
-
TG wird bei Malignomen unkontrolliert freigesetzt und hängt ab von
-
Anzahl TG sezernierender Tumorzellen (Tumormasse),
-
dem Ausmaß noch verbliebener TSH-Rezeptoren,
-
der TSH-Stimulation,
-
äußeren Faktoren wie Bestrahlung und
-
TG-Clearance-Rate.
-
-
Das Ergebnis der TG-Bestimmung im Rahmen der Schilddrüsenmalignombehandlung sollte immer hinterfragt werden, da die Bestimmung von vielen Faktoren, vor allem von TGAk und heterophilen Antikörpern, beeinträchtigt werden kann.
-
Die ideale immunologische Bestimmung für TG gibt es nicht. In manchen Fällen kann eine massenspektrometrische Bestimmung weiterhelfen, Interferenzen, die bei der immunometrischen Bestimmung auftreten, aufzuklären und die korrekte Konzentration zu ermitteln.
Schlüsselwörter
Thyreoglobulin-Antikörper - heterophile Antikörper - Hook-Effekt - funktionelle Empfindlichkeit - LoQKeywords
Thyroglobulin antibodies - heterophilic antibodies - hook-effect - functional sensitivity - LoQPublication History
Article published online:
20 January 2026
© 2026. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
Literatur
- 1 Daniel PM, Pratt OE, Roitt IM. et al. The release of thyroglobulin from the thyroid gland into thyroid lymphatics; the identification of thyroglobulin in the thyroid lymph and in the blood of monkeys by physical and immunological methods and its estimation by radioimmunoassay. Immunology 1967; 12: 489-504
- 2 Bachelot A, Cailleux AF, Klain M. et al. Relationship between tumor burden and serum thyroglobulin level in patients with papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2002; 12: 707-711
- 3 Giovanella L, Ceriani L, Maffioli M. Postsurgery serum thyroglobulin disappearance kinetic in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Head Neck 2010; 32: 568-571
- 4 Hocevar M, Auersperg M, Stanovnik L. The dynamics of serum thyroglobulin elimination from the body after thyroid surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol 1997; 23: 208-210
- 5 Rink T, Dembowski W, Schroth HJ. et al. Impact of serum thyroglobulin concentration on the diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid diseases. Nuklearmedizin 2000; 39: 133-138
- 6 Görges R, Maniecki M, Jentzen W. et al. Development and clinical impact of thyroglobulin antibodies in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma during the first 3 years after thyroidectomy. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 153: 49-55
- 7 Holsinger FC, Ramaswamy U, Cabanillas ME. et al. Measuring the extent of total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma using radioactive iodine imaging: relationship with serum thyroglobulin and clinical outcomes. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 140: 410-415
- 8 Demers LM, Spencer CA. Laboratory medicine practice guidelines: laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003; 58: 138-140
- 9 Giovanella L, Clark PM, Chiovato L. et al. Thyroglobulin measurement using highly sensitive assays in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: a clinical position paper. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171: R33-46
- 10 Giovanella L, D’Aurizio F, Algeciras-Schimnich A. et al. Thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin antibody: an updated clinical and laboratory expert consensus. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189: R11-r27
- 11 Tegler L, Ericsson UB, Gillquist J. et al. Basal and thyrotropin-stimulated secretion rates of thyroglobulin from the human thyroid gland during surgery. Thyroid 1993; 3: 213-217
- 12 Sheils OM, Sweeney EC. TSH receptor status of thyroid neoplasms – TaqMan RT-PCR analysis of archival material. J Pathol 1999; 188: 87-92
- 13 Verburg FA, Grünwald F, Lassmann M. et al. Iodine-131 whole-body scintigraphy in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Nuklearmedizin 2018; 57: 124-136
- 14 Miyauchi A, Kudo T, Miya A. et al. Prognostic impact of serum thyroglobulin doubling-time under thyrotropin suppression in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy. Thyroid 2011; 21: 707-716
- 15 Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC. et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016; 26: 1-133
- 16 van Kinschot CMJ, Peeters RP, van den Berg SAA. et al. Thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin antibodies: assay-dependent management consequences in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60: 756-765
- 17 Fröhlich E, Wahl R. Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid and Extra-Thyroidal Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8: 521
- 18 Chiovato L, Latrofa F, Braverman LE. et al. Disappearance of humoral thyroid autoimmunity after complete removal of thyroid antigens. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 346-351
- 19 Giovanella L, Verburg FA, Trimboli P. et al. Measuring thyroglobulin in patients with thyroglobulin autoantibodies: evaluation of the clinical impact of BRAHMS Kryptor Tg-minirecovery test in a large series of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 57: 1185-1191
- 20 Latrofa F, Ricci D, Bottai S. et al. Effect of Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies on the Metabolic Clearance of Serum Thyroglobulin. Thyroid 2018; 28: 288-294
- 21 Klee GG. Interferences in hormone immunoassays. Clin Lab Med 2004; 24: 1-18
- 22 Bolstad N, Warren DJ, Nustad K. Heterophilic antibody interference in immunometric assays. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 27: 647-661
- 23 Preissner CM, O’Kane DJ, Singh RJ. et al. Phantoms in the assay tube: heterophile antibody interferences in serum thyroglobulin assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3069-3074
- 24 Verburg FA, Wäschle K, Reiners C. et al. Heterophile antibodies rarely influence the measurement of thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin antibodies in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Horm Metab Res 2010; 42: 736-739
- 25 Hoofnagle AN, Roth MY. Clinical review: improving the measurement of serum thyroglobulin with mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98: 1343-1352
- 26 Spencer CA, Lopresti JS. Measuring thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin autoantibody in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008; 4: 223-233
- 27 Wauthier L, Plebani M, Favresse J. Interferences in immunoassays: review and practical algorithm. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60: 808-820
- 28 Clarke NJ, Zhang Y, Reitz RE. A novel mass spectrometry-based assay for the accurate measurement of thyroglobulin from patient samples containing antithyroglobulin autoantibodies. J Investig Med 2012; 60: 1157-1163
- 29 Netzel BC, Grebe SK, Carranza Leon BG. et al. Thyroglobulin (Tg) Testing Revisited: Tg Assays, TgAb Assays, and Correlation of Results With Clinical Outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100: E1074-1083
- 30 Giovanella L, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Verburg FA. et al. Thyroglobulin measurement by highly sensitive assays: focus on laboratory challenges. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 53: 1301-1314
