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Semin Neurol
DOI: 10.1055/a-2786-3694
DOI: 10.1055/a-2786-3694
Review Article
Neuropsychiatric Treatment in Functional Neurological Disorder: Foundations and Future
Authors
Abstract
Over the past two decades, advances in assessment, treatment, and neuroscience of functional neurological disorder (FND) have reshaped care, yet many patients still face limited access and persistent disability. This review offers a practical, evidence-informed guide to initiating multidisciplinary treatment, emphasizing clear diagnostic communication, an individualized biopsychosocial formulation, and strategies to support engagement. Psychological and rehabilitative interventions are summarized within stepped models of care. Mechanistic perspectives are considered in linking clinical interventions with plausible neurobiological processes. Additionally, we examine emerging adjunctive modalities—such as noninvasive neuromodulation and psychedelic-assisted therapies—which may hold promise as future therapeutic interventions.
Keywords
neuropsychiatric treatment - functional neurological disorder - functional/dissociative seizures - functional movement disorder - psychotherapyContributors' Statement
Irene Gonsalvez contributed to conceptualization, resources, supervision, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Chadrick E. Lane contributed to conceptualization, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. Gaston Baslet contributed to conceptualization, supervision, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing.
Publication History
Received: 03 October 2025
Accepted: 12 January 2026
Accepted Manuscript online:
15 January 2026
Article published online:
02 February 2026
© 2026. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
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