Zusammenfassung
In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit wird die Heterogenität dissozialer Störungen
im Kindes- und Jugendalter im Hinblick auf Beginn, Symptomatik und Verlauf dargestellt.
Es wurde dazu eine selektive Literaturübersicht mit Fokus auf diejenigen Formen von
Störungen des Sozialverhaltens erstellt, die durch ein erhöhtes Risiko zur Entwicklung
einer antisozialen Persönlichkeitsstörung gekennzeichnet sind. Bedeutsam für Symptomatik
und Prognose von Störungen des Sozialverhaltens scheinen insbesondere Merkmale des
autonomen Stresssystems und assoziierter Temperamentmerkmale zu sein. Während verminderte
autonome Reagibilität einen Risikofaktor für eine ungünstige Entwicklung darstellt,
scheint eine vermehrte Reagibilität einen protektiven Faktor darzustellen. Zudem liegen
offenbar Assoziationen zwischen dem autonomen Stresssystem und der Art aggressiven
Verhaltens (geplant-proaktiv vs. impulsiv-reaktiv) vor. Es wird dazu ausführlich auf
die Datenlage psychophysiologischer und neuroendokriner Studien bei dissozialen Individuen
eingegangen. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt stellt die Bedeutung komorbider Störungen
für den Verlauf dissozialer Störungen dar. Sowohl die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung
als auch Angststörungen scheinen den Verlauf dissozialer Störungen zu beeinflussen.
Dabei besteht die Hoffnung, dass insbesondere die Differenzierung dissozialer Individuen
je nach Ausprägung des Merkmals Ängstlichkeit dazu beiträgt, die Effektivität therapeutischer
Interventionen zu verbessern.
Abstract
The current selective review emphasizes the heterogeneity of antisocial behaviour
in children and adolescents. It focuses on the development of children of the early-starter
subtype of conduct disorder who are at high risk for the development of an antisocial
personality disorder. Especially the autonomic stress system seems to have an important
impact on symptoms and the prognosis of antisocial individuals. While autonomic hypoarousal
and a reduced autonomic reagibility seem to be associated with more proactive aggressiveness
and a negative outcome, increased autonomic arousal and reagibility might be related
to reactive aggressiveness and constitutes possibly a protective trait. Data of the
current psychophysiological and neuroendocrinological literature are summarized. Moreover,
the impact of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and anxiety disorders
on dissocial development is illustrated. Particularly early diagnostic assessment
of the individual’s extent of trait anxiety might help to specify therapeutic opportunities
and could thereby improve therapeutic efficiency.
Schlüsselwörter
Störungen des Sozialverhaltens - antisoziale Persönlichkeitsstörung - Aggressionsregulation
- Stressreagibilität - Ängstlichkeit
Key words
conduct disorder - antisocial personality disorder - stress reagibility - aggression
- anxiety
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1 Da zahlreiche der im Folgenden dargestellten Befunde aus dem angloamerikanischen
Sprachraum stammen bzw. sich auf das DSM-IV beziehen, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit
bei entsprechendem Bezug auf solche Arbeiten diese Termini beibehalten, ansonsten
aber der Ausdruck „Störungen des Sozialverhaltens” gemäß der ICD-10 verwandt.
Timo D. Vloet
Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, Medizinische Fakultät,
Universitätsklinikum Aachen
Neuenhofer Weg 21
52074 Aachen
Email: tvloet@ukaachen.de