Zusammenfassung
In Deutschland und Mitteleuropa sind die einer sekundären Eisenüberladung zugrunde
liegenden, angeborenen Erkrankungen selten. Die klinische Versorgung der Patienten
erfolgt überwiegend dezentral. Zwangsläufig sind die Erfahrungen der einzelnen Kliniken
in der Behandlung der sekundären Eisenüberladung bei Patienten mit angeborenen Anämien
begrenzt. Erst seit wenigen Jahren sind mehrere alternative Möglichkeiten zur Behandlung
der sekundären Eisenüberladung, einschließlich der „intensivierten” Chelattherapie,
verfügbar, für die in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß Erfahrungen und publizierte Daten bezüglich
Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit vorliegen. Neue Entwicklungen waren in den letzten Jahren
auch im Bereich der Diagnostik und Therapieüberwachung, insbesondere die nicht-invasiven
Methoden der Magnetresonanztomografie zur Herz- und Lebereisenbestimmung betreffend,
zu verzeichnen. Aus den angeführten Gründen wurde eine Leitlinie zur rationalen und
effizienten Diagnostik und Therapie der sekundären Eisenüberladung notwendig. Die
Verabschiedung der Leitlinie erfolgte nach formaler Konsensfindung im Rahmen einer
beschließenden Konferenz unter Beteiligung der GPOH und der DGHO. Im Zentrum der Leitlinie
stehen 9 Konsensusempfehlungen zu den Themen Diagnostik (Eisenstatus, Siderose-bedingte
Organschäden, Nebenwirkungen), Beginn der Eiseneliminationstherapie, Indikationen
zur intensivierten Therapie, Eisenelimination bei spezifischen Krankheitsbildern und
Eisenelimination nach Stammzelltransplantation. Die Empfehlungen werden hier im Detail
vorgestellt und erläutert. Für den vollständigen Text der Leitlinie sei auf die AWMF-Homepage
verwiesen (http://www.leitlinien.net ).
Abstract
In Germany and Central Europe, congenital disorders leading to secondary hemochromatosis
are rare. The majority of these patients are treated in peripheral medical institutions.
As a consequence, the experience of each institution in the treatment of secondary
hemochromatosis in patients with congenital anemia is limited. Recent developments
concerning new chelating agents, their combination for intensified chelation and new
possibilities to diagnose and monitor iron overload have important consequences for
the management of patients with secondary hemochromatosis and increase its complexity
enormously. Therefore, the development of a guideline for rational and efficient diagnostics
and treatment was necessary. The new guideline was developed within a formal consensus
process and finally approved by a consensus conference with participants from both
the pediatric and adult German hematology societies (GPOH and DGHO). Apart from general
information and recommendations, the guideline contains 9 consensus statements on
diagnostics (iron status, siderotic complications, chelator side-effects), the start
of chelation, indications for intensified chelation, iron elimination in specific
disorders, and iron elimination after stem cell transplantation. Here, these consensus
statements are presented and discussed in detail. For the complete text of the guideline,
please visit the AWMF homepage at http://www.leitlinien.net .
Schlüsselwörter
Eisenüberladung - sekundäre Hämochromatose - Hämosiderose - Chelattherapie - angeborene
Anämie - Leitlinie
Key words
iron overload - secondary hemochromatosis - hemosiderosis - chelation - congenital
anemia - guideline
Literatur
1
Ambu R, Crisponi G, Sciot R. et al .
Uneven hepatic iron and phosphorus distribution in beta-thalassemia.
J Hepatol.
1995;
23
544-549
2
Anderson LJ, Holden S, Davis B. et al .
Cardiovascular T2-star (T2*) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial
iron overload.
Eur Heart J.
2001;
22
2171-2179
3
Angelucci E, Brittenham GM, McLaren CE. et al .
Hepatic iron concentration and total body iron stores in thalassemia major.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
343
327-331
4
Angelucci E, Muretto P, Lucarelli G. et al .
Phlebotomy to reduce iron overload in patients cured of thalassemia by bone marrow
transplantation. Italian Cooperative Group for Phlebotomy Treatment of Transplanted
Thalassemia Patients.
Blood.
1997;
90
994-998
5
Borgna-Pignatti C, Cappellini MD, De Stefano P. et al .
Survival and complications in thalassemia.
Ann N Y Acad Sci.
2005;
1054
40-47
6
Brittenham GM, Griffith PM, Nienhuis AW. et al .
Efficacy of deferoxamine in preventing complications of iron overload in patients
with thalassemia major.
N Engl J Med.
1994;
331
567-573
7
Cappellini MD, Cohen A, Piga A. et al .
A phase 3 study of deferasirox (ICL670), a once-daily oral iron chelator, in patients
with beta-thalassemia.
Blood.
2006;
107
3455-3462
8
Cario H, Janka-Schaub G, Janssen G. et al .
Recent developments in iron chelation therapy.
Klin Padiatr.
2007;
219
158-165
9
Davis BA, Porter JB.
Long-term outcome of continuous 24-h deferoxamine infusion via indwelling intravenous
catheters in high-risk beta -thalassemia.
Blood.
2000;
95
1229-1236
10
DeSanctis V, Pinamonti A, Di Palma A. et al .
Growth and development in thalassaemia major patients with severe bone lesions due
to desferrioxamine.
Eur J Pediatr.
1996;
155
368-372
11
Farmaki K, Angelopoulos N, Anagnostopoulos G. et al .
Effect of enhanced iron chelation therapy on glucose metabolism in patients with beta-thalassaemia
major.
Br J Haematol.
2006;
134
438-444
12
Fischer R, Piga A, Harmatz P. et al .
Monitoring long-term efficacy of iron chelation treatment with biomagnetic liver susceptometry.
Ann N Y Acad Sci.
2005;
1054
350-357
13
Galanello R, Campus S.
Deferiprone chelation therapy for thalassemia major.
Acta Haematol.
2009;
122
155-164
14
Gandon Y, Olivie D, Guyader D. et al .
Non-invasive assessment of hepatic iron stores by MRI.
Lancet.
2004;
363
357-362
15
Giardini C, Galimberti M, Lucarelli G. et al .
Desferrioxamine therapy accelerates clearance of iron deposits after bone marrow transplantation
for thalassaemia.
Br J Haematol.
1995;
89
868-873
16
Hoffbrand AV, Bartlett AN, Veys PA. et al .
Agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia in patient with Blackfan-Diamond anaemia during
oral chelator trial.
Lancet.
1989;
2
457
17
Kirk P, Roughton M, Porter JB. et al .
Cardiac T2* magnetic resonance for prediction of cardiac complications in thalassemia
major.
Circulation.
2009;
120
1961-1968
18
Maggio A, D’Amico G, Morabito A. et al .
Deferiprone versus deferoxamine in patients with thalassemia major: a randomized clinical
trial.
Blood Cells Mol Dis.
2002;
28
196-208
19
Olivieri NF.
The beta-thalassemias.
N Engl J Med.
1999;
341
99-109
20
Olivieri NF, Brittenham GM.
Iron-chelating therapy and the treatment of thalassemia.
Blood.
1997;
89
739-761
21
Origa R, Bina P, Agus A. et al .
Combined therapy with deferiprone and desferrioxamine in thalassemia major.
Haematologica.
2005;
90
1309-1314
22
Pennell DJ, Berdoukas V, Karagiorga M. et al .
Randomized controlled trial of deferiprone or deferoxamine in beta-thalassemia major
patients with asymptomatic myocardial siderosis.
Blood.
2006;
107
3738-3744
23
Porter J, Galanello R, Saglio G. et al .
Relative response of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and other transfusion-dependent
anaemias to deferasirox (ICL670): a 1-yr prospective study.
Eur J Haematol.
2008;
80
168-176
24
Ramm GA, Ruddell RG.
Hepatotoxicity of iron overload: mechanisms of iron-induced hepatic fibrogenesis.
Semin Liver Dis.
2005;
25
433-449
25
Singer ST, Vichinsky EP.
Deferoxamine treatment during pregnancy: is it harmful?.
Am J Hematol.
1999;
60
24-26
26
St Pierre TG, Clark PR, Chua-anusorn W. et al .
Noninvasive measurement and imaging of liver iron concentrations using proton magnetic
resonance.
Blood.
2005;
105
855-861
27
Taher A, Hershko C, Cappellini MD.
Iron overload in thalassaemia intermedia: reassessment of iron chelation strategies.
Br J Haematol.
2009;
147
634-640
28
Taher AT, Musallam KM, Wood JC. et al .
Magnetic resonance evaluation of hepatic and myocardial iron deposition in transfusion-independent
thalassemia intermedia compared to regularly transfused thalassemia major patients.
Am J Hematol.
2010;
85
288-290
29
Tuck SM.
Fertility and pregnancy in thalassemia major.
Ann N Y Acad Sci.
2005;
1054
300-307
30
Vichinsky E, Onyekwere O, Porter J. et al .
A randomised comparison of deferasirox versus deferoxamine for the treatment of transfusional
iron overload in sickle cell disease.
Br J Haematol.
2007;
136
501-508
31
Voskaridou E, Douskou M, Terpos E. et al .
Deferiprone as an oral iron chelator in sickle cell disease.
Ann Hematol.
2005;
84
434-440
32
Voskaridou E, Plata E, Douskou M. et al .
Treatment with deferasirox (Exjade) effectively decreases iron burden in patients
with thalassaemia intermedia: results of a pilot study.
Br J Haematol.
2010;
148
332-334
Korrespondenzadresse
PD Dr. Holger Cario
Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin
Hämatologie und Onkologie
Eythstraße 24
89075 Ulm
Germany
Phone: +49/731/5005 7220
Fax: +49/731/5005 7449
Email: holger.cario@uniklinik-ulm.de