Zusammenfassung
Eine intakte Funktion des Gastrointestinaltrakts (GIT) ist für die Prognose von Intensivpatienten
von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Störungen der gastrointestinalen Motilität, wie sie durch
viele Medikamente, überschießende Flüssigkeitstherapie, Beatmung mit hohem PEEP oder
durch chirurgische oder ischämische Darmwandläsionen im Rahmen von SIRS und Sepsis
auftreten, können zu Problemen bei enteraler Ernährung, zu Defekten der gastrointestinalen
Barrierefunktion und damit zur Verschlechterung der Gesamtprognose kritisch kranker
Patienten beitragen. Neben rechtzeitiger Diagnose und individueller problemorientierter
Therapie sind vor allem frühzeitige Prophylaxemaßnahmen wichtig.
Abstract
Maintaining regular function of the intestinal tract is an important prerequisite
for successful outcomes in critical illness. Disturbances of gastrointestinal motility
are frequently caused by drugs, excessive fluid load, mechanical ventilation, surgical
or ischemic damage, and occur frequently in sepsis and SIRS. Impaired gastrointestinal
motility may give rise to a vitious circle of enteral nutrition intolerance, edema,
and may eventually result in a breakdown of the gastrointestinal barrier. Early diagnosis,
patient-adapted treatment and a focus on prophylactic measures are necessary prerequisites
to maintain gut function in critically ill patients.
Schlüsselwörter:
gastrointestinale Motilität - Motilitätsstörung - Darmversagen - Intensivstation Outcome
- Ileus
Keywords:
gastrointestinal motility - motility disorders - gastrointestinal failure - ICU outcome
- ileus
Kernaussagen
-
Der Darm ist das größte immunologische Organ des Menschen. Störungen der gastrointestinalen
Motilität können von Entzündungen bis hin zur Sepsis führen.
-
Intensivpatienten haben aufgrund ihres Zustands ein erhöhtes Risiko für gastrointestinale
Motilitätsstörungen.
-
Einfache klinische Untersuchungen wie Auskultation, Palpation und Perkussion sollten
auf Intensivstationen routinemäßig durchgeführt werden.
-
Bei spezifischen Fragestellungen stehen weitere Möglichkeiten wie Röntgen, CT, Koloskopie
bis hin zur chirurgischen Exploration zur Verfügung.
-
Auch auf Intensivstationen ist eine rasche Herstellung der Autonomie des Patienten
wichtig. Frühe Mobilisation und frühe enterale Ernährung wirken sich positiv auf die
Genesung aus.
-
Die beste Therapie gegen Motilitätsstörungen ist immer noch die Prophylaxe:
-
Verwenden Sie Opiate so wenig und kurzzeitig wie möglich.
-
Vermeiden Sie massive Kristalloid- oder Kolloidinfusionen, da sie die Bildung von
Darmwandödemen begünstigen.
-
Anästhesieverfahren sollten so gewählt werden, dass der Patient schnell mobilisierbar
wird.
-
Peristaltikfördernde Medikamente wie Laxanzien, Opiatrezeptoragonisten und Prokinetika
können einzeln oder in Kombination verabreicht werden.
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Dr. med. Joanna Stefaniak
Univ.-Ass. Dr. med. David Baron
Prof. Dr. med. Philipp Metnitz
Univ-Prof. Dr. med. Ludwig Kramer
eMail: joanna.stefaniak@meduniwien.ac.at
eMail: david.baron@meduniwien.ac.at
eMail: philipp.metnitz@meduniwien.ac.at
eMail: ludwig.kramer@wienkav.at