Zusammenfassung
Der operativ tätige Frauenarzt wird aus Gründen der demografischen Entwicklung zunehmend
mit koronarkranken Patientinnen konfrontiert. Das kardiologische Management der koronaren
Herzkrankheit umfasst die perkutane transluminale koronare Angioplastie (PTCA), heute
annähernd regelhaft mit Implantation eines Koronarstents. Zur Vorbeugung einer Stentthrombose
ist die medikamentöse Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung mit Acetylsalicylsäure (ASS,
Aspirin) und Thienopyridinen (Clopidogrel) angezeigt. Thienopyridine werden nach Ballondilatation
für 2 Wochen, nach Implantation eines Stents für 3 Monate (Metallstent, bare metal
stent, BMS) bzw. 1 Jahr (Medikamente freisetzender Stent, drug eluting stent, DES)
verabreicht, ASS unbefristet. Eine Unterbrechung der Thienopyridinverabreichung während
der genannten Zeiträume ist mit erheblichen kardialen Risiken belastet. Wird innerhalb
dieses Intervalls ein operativer Eingriff erforderlich, muss das chirurgische Risiko
einer Operation unter iatrogener Hämostasestörung gegenüber dem kardialen Risiko abgewogen werden. Während die perioperative Thienopyridinverabreichung
bei Operationen am ZNS oder Augenhintergrund grundsätzlich ausgeschlossen ist, bedarf
es in der Gynäkologie der Einzelfallentscheidung. Wir tendieren dazu, die Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung
aus kardiologischer Indikation fortzuführen, ggf. unter billigender Inkaufnahme erhöhten
Transfusionsbedarfs. Bei ausgedehnten Operationen mit vorhersehbar erheblichem Blutungsrisiko
werden Thrombozytenkonzentrate vorgehalten. Lässt die Risikoabwägung die perioperative
Fortführung der Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung nicht zu, sollte der Eingriff unter
Verfügbarkeit der Notfall-PTCA vorgenommen werden.
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is increasingly prevalent in gynecological patients.
Contemporary cardiological management of significant CAD may include percutaneous
coronary intervention (PCI) with the implantation of coronary stents, either bare
metal (BMS) or drug eluting stents (DES). After PCI, antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic
acid (ASA, aspirin) and thienopyridines (Clopidogrel) is indicated for two weeks,
for three months after BMS and for one year after DES. Interruption is associated
with significant cardiac complications, including fatal stent thrombosis. When a patient
has to undergo non-postponable surgery during that vulnerable period, the risk of
intra- and postoperative hemorrhage must be balanced against the cardiac risk. While
surgery for certain neurosurgical or ophthalmological procedures is certainly inappropriate
under antiplatelet therapy, the case is less clear for surgical gynecology. The authors
advocate respecting the cardiologically recommended period of antiplatelet therapy,
whenever possible. If the urgency of the procedure does not allow such delay, all
strategies of bloodless surgery should be meticulously applied. If in doubt, antiplatelet therapy should be continued,
at the expense of increased blood transfusion requirements, i. e. it may be better
to navigate closer to Skylla – at the expense of individuals (in this case, red cells)
– than to Charybdis, risking a total loss (of myocardium). If the planned procedure
is extensive, platelets should be kept ready for immediate transfusion. In those rare
instances where interruption of antiplatelet therapy is deemed mandatory, surgery
should be performed where emergency PCI is readily available.
Schlüsselwörter
Risiko; kardiales - perioperativ - koronare Herzkrankheit; Behandlung - Koronarstent
- Operation; Blutung - Hämostase - Thrombozyten; Aggregationshemmung - Thienopyridine
Key words
heart; coronary artery disease - management - surgery; gynecological - hemorrhage
- complications; cardiac - surgical - hemostasis; platelets - antiplatelet therapy
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Prof. Dr. med. Jan-Peter Jantzen, DEAA
Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie
Klinikum Nordstadt
KRH
Haltenhoffstraße 41
30167 Hannover
Email: jan-peter.jantzen@krh.eu