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DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273221
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Tatbezogene Amnesien – authentisch oder vorgetäuscht?
Crime-Related Amnesia: Real or Feigned?Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
15. Juni 2011 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Im forensischen Begutachtungskontext werden Sachverständige häufig mit der Problematik konfrontiert, dass Täter eine tatbezogene Amnesie geltend machen. Bei weitreichenden juristischen Konsequenzen muss die Natur der behaupteten Erinnerungsstörung differenzialdiagnostisch beurteilt werden. Während organische Amnesien relativ einfach diagnostiziert werden können, ergeben sich für dissoziative Amnesien weitaus größere Probleme. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass es trotz vorhandener theoretischer Erklärungsansätze wie Stress, perideliktischer Dissoziation oder Verdrängung unter Berücksichtigung des empirisch basierten Wissens keine gesicherte Erklärung für das Auftreten tatbezogener Amnesien gibt. In Abgrenzung zu den häufig „genuin“ genannten Amnesien muss die intendierte Vortäuschung eines Erinnerungsverlusts vorrangig in Betracht gezogen werden. Vom forensischen Sachverständigen ist zu fordern, dass bei geltend gemachter tatbezogener Amnesie die Möglichkeit einer Vortäuschung auf hohem methodischen Niveau geprüft wird. Die Diagnose einer dissoziativen Störung ist als bloße Ausschlussdiagnose, sofern sich keine organische Amnesie belegen lässt, dagegen nicht zulässig.
Abstract
In the context of criminal forensic evaluations, experts are often confronted with the problem of offenders’ claims of crime-related amnesia. Because of the far-reaching legal consequences of the expert opinion, the nature of the suspected memory disorder has to be investigated with special care and due consideration of differential diagnoses. While the diagnosis of organic amnesia is comparatively easy to make, the same is not true for dissociative amnesia. Despite existing theoretical explanations such as stress, peritraumatic dissociation or repression, to date there is no sound, scientifically based and empirically supported explanation for the occurrence of genuine, non-organic crime-related amnesia. In the criminal context of claimed amnesia, secondary gain is usually obvious; thus, possible malingering of memory loss has to be carefully investigated by the forensic expert. To test this hypothesis, the expert has to resort to methods based on a high methodological level. The diagnosis of dissociative amnesia cannot be made by mere exclusion of evidence for organic amnesia; instead, malingering has to be ruled out on an explicit basis.
Schlüsselwörter
Gedächtnis - Amnesie - Dissoziation - Simulation - Begutachtung - Strafprozess
Keywords
memory - amnesia - dissociation - malingering - forensic assessment - criminal prosecution
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Prof. Harald Merckelbach
Abteilung für Forensische Psychologie, Fakultät für Psychologie und Neurowissenschaften,
Universität Maastricht
Postbus 616
NL-6200 MD Maastricht
eMail: h.merckelbach@psychology.unimaas.nl