Living with Kallmann Syndrome – Analysis of Subjective Experience Reports from Women

Abstract

Five women were questioned on their experiences with Kallmann Syndrome (KS) in thematically focused, open interviews. This investigation complements the study of the experiences of men with KS [1]. The results show that the consequences and pressures of KS extend beyond the somato-medical field and that those affected are also burdened by mental and psycho-social impacts. The pressures experienced by those affected include a distorted body image resulting from the lack of physical development, which in turn leads to difficulties in developing a healthy feeling of self-worth. Furthermore, particular attention should be paid to the influence of hormone therapy on mood and libido during medical treatment. Some of the affected women reported experiencing depressive moods and low libido, and pressures in their relationship associated with this. The affected women wanted KS to be viewed as a whole in order to achieve better handling. In particular, attentive handling of issues relating to fertility was important to them. Additional relevant support included offers of confidential discussions, and offers of psychotherapy and, where required, sex education or sex therapy.

Zusammenfassung

Mit thematisch fokussierten, offenen Interviews wurden 5 Frauen zu ihren Erfahrungen mit dem Kallmann-Syndrom (KS) befragt. Diese Untersuchung komplementiert die Studie zu den Erfahrungen von Männern mit KS [1]. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Folgen und Belastungen des KS über den somatomedizinischen Bereich hinausgehen und dass die Betroffenen auch durch psychische und psychosoziale Auswirkungen belastet sind. Zu den von den Betroffenen wahrgenommenen Belastungen gehört ein gestörtes Körperbild als Folge der ausbleibenden Körperentwicklung, das wiederum zu Schwierigkeiten bei der Entwicklung eines gesunden Selbstwertgefühls führt. Des Weiteren sollte bei der medizinischen Behandlung besonders auf den Einfluss der Hormontherapie auf Stimmung und Libido geachtet werden. Betroffene Frauen berichteten z. T. von depressiven Stimmungen sowie von niedriger Libido und von damit verbundenen Belastungen in ihrer Beziehung. Die betroffenen Frauen wünschten sich für einen besseren Umgang einen ganzheitlichen Blick auf das KS. Insbesondere war ihnen ein achtsamer Umgang mit Fragen zur Fertilität wichtig. Weitere relevante Unterstützungen waren vertrauensvolle Gesprächsangebote, psychotherapeutische und bei Bedarf sexualpädagogische oder sexualtherapeutische Angebote.

Key words

adolescence - hormone replacement - puberty - disturbance of puberty

Schlüsselwörter

Adoleszenz - Hormonsubstitution - Pubertät - Störung der Pubertät

Introduction and Status of Research

Physical symptoms

KS is part of the clinical picture of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) [3], [4]. A congenital genetic defect causes the bodyʼs own oestrogen production (or testosterone production in affected men) to be disrupted [3], [4]. The prevalence of KS is 1 : 40 000 among women [5]. It is diagnosed much more rarely in women than in men (prevalence 1 : 8000 to 1 : 10 000) [6]. KS differs from other forms of HH due to a limited or absent sense of smell (anosmia) [5], [7], [8]. Women with KS have very low LH (luteinising hormone) levels and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) levels in their blood. The reason for this is a lack of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), which in turn is the cause of female ovary dysfunction [9], [10]. The physical effects of this lack of sex hormones are insufficiently developed secondary sexual characteristics [9], [10]. The symptoms experienced by affected women are a lack of menstruation (primary amenorrhea), no breast development [8], [11], small ovaries, an absence of folliculogenesis, and no development of gametes [11]. Normal pubic hair can also be absent due to the lack of oestrogen or nevertheless develop due to the hormones of the adrenal gland [8], [12]. The lack of oestrogen causes vaginal dryness, which is often painful and unpleasant for those affected. The sex hormone deficiency leads to lower sexual needs, less sexual contact and infertility [13]. Prepubescent growth is normal. However, affected women fall behind in growth during puberty [11], [14]. The absent pubescent growth spurt is nevertheless made up for during the time following puberty [8], [14]. As a result of the lack of oestrogen, osteoporosis occurs frequently in sufferers [8].

KS in women (as well as in men) is treated with sex hormones. In order to stimulate the physical development of sexual characteristics, the administering of oestrogen is begun, initially at a low dose of 1 mg of oestradiol, then slowly increasing in dose [8], [12], [15]. From the 2nd year of treatment, the oestradiol is supplemented with chlormadinone acetate [12], [15]. If there is a desire for pregnancy, treatment with GnRH is recommended to stimulate the production of LH and FSH. The chances of success of this treatment are estimated as good [10]. Alternatively, LH or FSH can be administered directly [8], [10].

It is possible to diagnose KS prior to puberty; the absence of a sense of smell (anosmia) can be an indicator here [15]. It is important to test the sense of smell using a smell test [8] in order to distinguish KS from delayed puberty and other forms of HH [8], [12]. The symptoms of KS become apparent during puberty if no physical pubescent development occurs after the 13th year of life. However, a medical investigation is advised if no breast growth has yet occurred in girls by the age of 14.5 years at the latest [12]. Primary amenorrhea is found in 90 % of women with HH [15]. KS is diagnosed by investigating the development of secondary sexual characteristics, by examining the family history, and using a cranial CT or MRI. The concentrations of LH, FSH, PBI and oestradiol in the blood of those affected are examined, as these are very low in KS [15]. Kallmann Syndrome is also diagnosed in women in connection with investigations into an unfulfilled desire to have children [16].

Mental impacts

Medical research is primarily concentrated on the somatic backgrounds and aspects of KS. Studies of the physical symptoms of KS enable conclusions to be drawn that mental impairment and pressures also occur as a result of the absent physical pubescent development and lack of oestrogen in KS.

Tsimaris, Vrachnis, Iliodromiti and Deligeorglou [13] indicate the difficult situation of pubescent girls diagnosed with HH. The emotions of the girls and parents are described as “shocked”, “confused” and “devastated” ([13], S. 2). This is caused by the fear of infertility and stigmatisation due to the illness [13]. Parental understanding and encouragement are advised to support girls during mood swings. The risk that those affected can become insecure and withdrawn due to HH is highlighted [14]. In connection with delayed puberty, Land [14] shows that delayed physical maturation in children can cause “considerable mental conflict situations” (p. 633). It is also advised that affected girls are encouraged not to seek the causes of HH within themselves [13].

Young women feel significantly restricted in their sexuality due to the low libido caused by KS [13]. This can lead to severe psychosexual pressures in later life. Well-coordinated oestrogen treatment and, where necessary, sex therapy are recommended as support [13]. The treatment guidelines of the German Society of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine [15] and Han and Bouloux [17] advise that girls and boys with KS receive psychotherapy in severe cases. Individual example cases from studies of men with KS [18], [19], [20], [21], [22] show insecurities, self-esteem problems and social exclusion as an indirect consequence of the lack of physical development.

As there is a sex hormone disturbance in KS, it could be assumed that a gender identity disorder is possible. There are hardly any research findings into an atypical development of sexual identity in women with KS. Meyenburg and Sigusch [24] report on just two cases where gender identity developed atypically in men, so, analogously to this, it can be assumed that an undisturbed and unremarkable gender identity also develops in women with KS.

The British psychotherapist Neemuchwala described in his case reports [20], [21], [22] that patients experience both mental and social difficulties as a result of the disrupted physical development, caused by insecurities with regard to their own bodies. The insecurity of patients ranges from feelings of shame to an impairment in self-image and self-esteem [20], [21], [22]. Neemuchwala [20], [21], [22] and Bobrow et al. [19] report on exclusion and harassment by peers. Hefner et al. [18] indicate difficulties in mental and sexual development as well as self-doubt resulting from eunuchoid habitus due to negative experiences of sexual development. Even though there is a lack of corresponding findings in women with regard to the consequences of KS, it seems likely that such experiences and limitations are also perceived by women.

In a field report written in the form of a first-person account [23], a female student reports on her experiences with KS. During the pubescent period, she developed strong feelings of alienation from her peers when these underwent further physical developments. The author disguised herself to appear “normal” (ibid., p. 9). She developed a high level of dissatisfaction with her body and, subsequently, self-esteem problems. She stated that the absent puberty was something to which she “was not entitled” (ibid.). The author described her confusion about this and her inability to express the lack of development in words, as well as to talk about her shame and fear regarding her lack of physical development. The mental pressures also remained when she was diagnosed and received hormone treatment. The author emphasises that she never experienced pain due to the somatic stress, and the stresses caused by KS were of a purely psychosocial nature. The impairments became clear to her in a social setting and could not be rectified using hormone therapy. Ultimately, the author was able to work on her mental difficulties with the help of psychotherapy.

In order to gain more data material on these mental accompanying symptoms and the experience of KS among patients, which is essential for the targeted support of patients, a study was conducted on the mental impacts of KS at the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf. A qualitative approach was chosen for this research project in order to investigate the stresses experienced from the viewpoint of patients. The present investigation complements the study on men with KS. [1]. Research findings from a comparison between the mental impacts of KS in men and women are also being prepared for publication.

The central research questions for the investigations into the mental impacts of KS in women are:

1. What experiences and stresses are perceived by women with KS in the areas of life affected by KS? Here, there is the key question of which areas of life are influenced by the absent physical and sexual development in KS?

2. Which coping strategies with regard to the lack of physical development prove to be successful from the womenʼs viewpoint?

Methodology

The present investigation is part of a larger research project by the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf into the mental impacts of Kallmann Syndrome. The Ethics Commission of the Hamburg Chamber of Psychotherapists has approved this project.

A qualitative research design was chosen in order to produce the largest possible quantity of data to explore and structure the field. Open interviews were conducted with the study participants in a two-person setting. In addition to this qualitative data collection, data were collected with questionnaires, the results of which will be published elsewhere. The questionnaires looked at demographic and social aspects, physical characteristics and their development, diagnosis and treatment measures, the experience of puberty, and sexuality. The following standardised questionnaires were also presented to the participants for completion: Questionnaires on Gender Identity, Bem Sex-Role Inventory, Fbek, BSI, Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q), Questionnaire on Life Satisfaction (FLZ).

Acquisition of participants

Prior to the study, practice-based doctors and hospital-based doctors in the fields of Endocrinology, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine throughout Germany were informed and consulted about the project. The aim was to find men and women diagnosed with KS to participate in interviews. Contacts with self-help groups were used as an additional acquisition source. An information sheet was published on websites and newsgroups relating to KS, hypogonadism, a desire to have children, and endocrinology in order to draw attention to the study, provide information on the study and obtain participants.

Implementation

To collect the individual experiences of those affected, individual interviews (two-person setting) were conducted with the aid of a concept map ([Fig. 1]) developed specially for this project.

Fig. 1 Concept Map.

This “map”, which is based on previous research findings, was presented to the interviewees after the introductory phase to encourage the narrative flow and permit additional topic-focussed information to be obtained [25]. This technique proved to be particularly helpful in order to give some structure to the topic area and yet enable the interview partners to report on their own experiences in as open and free a manner as possible. It was explicitly highlighted that the Concept Map was intended to provide suggestions, but the interview partners were not restricted to the stated areas.

The interview technique enabled the participants (Ps) to represent their experiences in a very personal way, as well as to highlight and address relevant aspects [26], [27] subjectively. All the key subjects were generally tackled by the Ps without prompting, which is a good indication that the key topics in the Concept Map largely match the experiences of the Ps. More in-depth questions were also asked where required. These questions were developed based on literature research. The interviews were conducted in neutral settings. The interviews lasted 45 to 109 min (range 64 min, average duration 65 min) and were recorded with digital recording equipment. The transcription was performed according to the transcription rules of Lucius-Hoene and Deppermann [28].

Random sample description

Five women diagnosed with KS took part in the study between April 2009 and December 2009. Three of these were acquired over the Internet, two joined on the recommendation of their doctors. The average age of the Ps was 30.8 years. KS was diagnosed on average at 22.8 years. All the Ps had obtained their German school-leaving qualifications (Abitur). The initial diagnosis states the age at which the Ps first attracted medical attention. Despite the small patient sample (n = 5), average ages and the standard deviation were calculated. The detailed data can be found arranged in [Table 1].

Table 1 Age and time of diagnosis for the Ps at the time the women were surveyed

Participant No.	Name/synonym	Age in years	Age at initial diagnosis in years	Age at KS diagnosis in years
* KS was diagnosed in the patient directly after KS was diagnosed in her brother.
1	Jeannette	24	11	15
2	Laura	31	10	21
3	Marie	44	18	35
4	Paula	31	16	31
5	Stephanie*	24	12	12
Mean value		30.8	13.4	22.8
Standard deviation		7.30	3.07	8.91
Median		31	12	21
Range		20	7	23

Evaluation

The evaluation took place following the qualitative content analysis according to Mayring [2] and with the aid of the MAXQDA 10 (MAX Qualitative Data Analysis) evaluation programme. Interview sequences were allocated to categories. Both inductive and deductive logic were applied in the course of this. Some of the categories were developed from research concepts based on the Concept Map and guiding questions (see [Fig. 1], e.g. according to experiences during diagnosis). The interviews enabled the topics suggested by the Concept Map to be substantiated or elaborated using individual experience. Other categories only arose when the Ps mentioned them and thus represented new aspects that had been given little consideration until that time. The results are shown below.

Results

The responses to the first question are shown below according to category. Each section represents a category; a summary is given in [Table 3]. Personal experiences are shown using quotations in the words of the interview partners. A summary of results is given in [Table 4].

Table 2 Age at first sexual intercourse and first sexual experience without SI.

Participant No.	Name/synonym	Age 1st SI	Age 1st sexual experience without SI
1	Jeannette	19	19
2	Laura	21	19
3	Marie	21	16
4	Paula	17	14
5	Stephanie	19	18
Mean value		19.4	17.2
Standard deviation		1.50	1.93
Median		19	18
Range		4	5

Table 3 Categories of qualitative assessment.

	Categories
1. The path to diagnosis and the diagnosis of Kallmann Syndrome	Assumptions beforehand Pubescent physical development Diagnosis Stress before and during the diagnosis
2. Medical treatment following diagnosis	Medication Treatment effect
3. Individual somatic symptoms of KS	Height Sense of smell Fertility Sexuality
4. Mental and psychosocial effects of KS	Self-worth Social relationships
5. Coping strategies	Professional support Normalisation of development Social support

Table 4 Study results at a glance.

Body perception and shame	Confusion and insecurities regarding the absence of expected pubescent development First inklings and fears about delayed development, which are difficult for the Ps to address Delaying of a medical clarification; hope of being a “late bloomer” Shame regarding lack of physical development (particularly menstruation) In some cases, problems with growth Anosmia of little concern
Effects of hormone therapy on the psyche	Mood swings and depressive feelings as part of hormone therapy
Diagnosis and treatment	In some cases, initial diagnosis of oestrogen deficiency Fear, shock, but also relief and hope for a cure due to medical diagnosis Examinations are perceived as stressful, as too little attention is paid to the mental aspects, in particular Treatment of KS with hormone therapy (no difference to treatment for oestrogen deficiency); change to hormone therapy following KS diagnosis for only one P
Physical development following hormone treatment	In some cases, physical development was perceived as insufficient
Sexuality	Sexual disinterest prior to hormone therapy In some cases, very low sexual interest, even during hormone treatment Feelings of shame and inhibitions in allowing intimacy
Fertility	Uncertainties regarding pregnancy Reliance on good medical treatment
Coping strategies, resources and assistance in handling KS	Conversations Emphasis on normal physical development Good dissemination of information Physical development through hormone therapy Where required, offers of psychotherapy or sex therapy
Desire for better handling of KS	Comprehensive view of KS, including its mental and psychosocial impacts More sensitive explanation by doctors Where required, assistance through psychotherapy or sex therapy

Body perception and shame

When asked how they perceived their bodies before starting hormone therapy, the Ps reported on confusion and insecurity regarding the absence of their expected pubescent physical development. The women also said that they had an “inkling” that they “were different”. As it became clear that the other girls had “passed them by” in their physical development, they became aware that their development was lagging behind.

In addition to the lack of physical development, the absence of menstruation played a crucial role as, for the Ps, it was a symbol of the absence of their maturation into women. The childlike body was not feminine enough for them and they were therefore ashamed of it. This was expressed in shyness towards their peers. Three Ps said that they also remained childlike in terms of their interests and did not share the pubescent interests of their peers (“Boys, make-up, buying bras, fashion”) (Jeannette, 24 years). One P reported that she still “feels like a little girl” today (Paula, 31 years).

The Ps told themselves they were a “late bloomer” (Paula, 31 years) to explain their condition. A medical diagnosis was initially delayed in the hope of a simple solution, which was supposed to appear in a natural way without the patients doing anything.

As a central source of stress, all the surveyed women highlighted that they had noticed at an early stage that something was not right in their development but were unable to express this in words, and they were also lacking a suitable point of contact.

For three of the Ps, the absence of growth during puberty led to insecurities and teasing. However, once they began hormone therapy, growth continued.

Anosmia was not perceived as a major impairment by the Ps. They do not consider the lack of a sense of smell to be a major deficit. Despite this, the Ps spoke of insecurities in terms of hygiene and fears of not noticing dangers in good time, such as gas leaks or smoke. Nevertheless, this barely represented a constraint on their quality of life.

Interaction between hormone therapy and psyche

In addition to feelings of shame with regard to her own body and the resulting insecurities when approaching her peers, one P spoke of severe mood swings and feelings of depression as part of hormone therapy.

Diagnosis and treatment

KS was diagnosed among the Ps at 22.8 years on average. For three women, a lack of oestrogen was diagnosed beforehand. For one P, anosmia was diagnosed at the age of 10. However, no connection with KS was seen at that time. For one participant, KS was diagnosed directly as a result of the diagnosis of KS in her brother.

On average, the Ps first attracted attention in connection with KS at 13.4 years. KS was only diagnosed on average 9.4 years later (c. f. [Table 1]).

KS was diagnosed in all the Ps via the lack of a sense of smell and by examining blood test results. When talking about the diagnosis of KS, the Ps describe feelings between shock and fear, but also relief about the clarification and hope for improvement.

The examinations as part of treatment were described as stressful by all of the Ps. The lack of support from doctors was addressed by four of the five Ps, as these did not pay enough attention to their mental stress during hormone treatment.

Medical treatment began with the diagnosis. It was approximately the same for all the women. It took place by administering sex hormones. Four Ps tolerated this treatment well; one P, however, had great difficulties with this treatment, which expressed themselves in depressive moods and physical symptoms. For one P initially diagnosed with oestrogen deficiency, medicinal treatment was nevertheless altered due to depressive moods after KS was diagnosed. KS was diagnosed in this patient shortly before the interview, and she hoped that the diagnosis would bring with it optimised medication along with an improvement in her mental condition.

Physical development following hormone treatment

The Ps perceived the physical development stimulated by medication as a great relief.

The following physical developments associated with the hormone treatment were described: breast growth, growth of the mammary glands, growth of pubic hair, start of periods, widening of the hips. One P found that the physical development triggered by medication was not sufficient for her and her body did not become feminine enough. She subsequently decided to have breast enlargement surgery.

Sexuality

Four Ps described their sex lives as very problematic and stressful. They experienced sexual disinterest prior to hormone therapy. Two of them suffered from low or non-existent libido, even with continued treatment. Two women said that no libido developed despite the hormone therapy, which led to problems in their relationships and put the Ps under severe pressure.

In addition to this, both these women and two other women were severely inhibited as soon as it came to sexual contact. This led to insecurities and avoidance of contact with the opposite sex.

The average age of the Ps at first sexual intercourse was 19.4 years (range 3 years, median 19 years). The Psʼ first sexual contact without sexual intercourse (SI) was at 17.2 years (range 5 years, median 18 years). A detailed breakdown is given in [Table 2].

Fertility

Introducing ovulation in women with KS requires treatment with HCG, hMG or GnRH [9], [10]. The chances of conception are 30 % per ovulation [9]. Treatment with LH and FSH increases the chances to 70 % [9].

The diagnosis of KS triggered depression and fear in all the women with regard to pregnancy, as well as uncertainties relating to medical treatment.

One P resigned herself to not having children. One P, who was already pregnant, described the corresponding medical treatment as good. Three additional Ps with a desire to have children said they would rely on appropriate medical support when the subject of children became relevant for them later on.

Coping strategies, resources and assistance in handling KS

The Ps found it helpful to have conversations about KS within their family, with friends, and later with their partners, who handled the subject of KS in an understanding way. For one patient, the emphasis on normal development by her parents was particularly valuable. Talking to other sufferers and the dissemination of information via the Internet also helped to provide relief. It was important to the Ps that they were well-informed about KS. If treatment reduced the limitations caused by KS, the Ps perceived this normalisation of their life situation as especially positive.

In order to reduce fear and uncertainties, three Ps underwent psychotherapy, during which they achieved good results. Besides psychotherapy, one of these Ps also made use of additional therapeutic services in the psychosomatic field, to which she attributed the development of improved body perception and a healthy self-image.

Discussing her own body perception also helped her to develop a better feeling about her sexuality.

One P received particularly intensive assistance from her parents before and after diagnosis, who placed great importance on normalising her development, so that, consequently and thanks to an early diagnosis, she developed hardly any insecurities with regard to her body. She also found discussions with her brother, who is also affected by KS, to be positive.

The Ps said the following were particularly desirable when handling KS:

• A comprehensive view of KS including its psychosocial effects

• Psychotherapeutic support

• A better and more sensitive explanation of KS as well as more interest among doctors in an individualʼs problems regarding physical development

Discussion

The interview material made it possible to obtain a differentiated and broad range of data concerning the experience of KS among women. The study results support the statements by Tsimaris et al. [13] on stresses caused by diagnosis and on later mental pressures [13], [14]. The Ps reported on inhibitions when coming into contact with the opposite sex and on difficulties in allowing physical proximity and intimacy, caused by the shame they felt about their own bodies. Two of the five Ps felt that their quality of life was restricted by their low libido [13] and due to the associated impacts on their relationships. An adjustment to medication only provided relief to a limited extent [15], including with regard to depressive moods before and after hormone therapy. The significance of the results on the influence of medication on the libido and mood is limited because of the small sample sizes, as shown in the methodology section, and also the qualitative, explorative research design. As a result, no further statements about the effects of hormone therapy on mood, drive and libido can be made as part of this study. The medical literature on the influence testosterone has on the mood of men affected by KS [15], [17], [29], [30] and the research findings of the study by Hofmann et al. [1] on men affected by KS who experience mood swings much more frequently allow us to assume – even with regard to the small female patient sample – that even more women with KS could be affected by depressive moods. Further research into the effect of various medications, the different dosages and the effect on the libido and mood are required as part of a larger study.

None of the physical malformations, such as renal agenesis, bimanual synkinesis, cleft palate, and tooth anomalies, that can occur in KS with a prevalence of 5–10 % [3], [6], [8], were present in the investigated sample. Stress due to osteoporosis was not addressed [8].

As part of the study, it became clear that there was a misdiagnosis or initial diagnosis of oestrogen deficiency in some cases. In the sample, it took an average of 9.4 years from the initial diagnosis until the diagnosis of KS. The problem of misdiagnosis or initial diagnosis of oestrogen deficiency has scarcely been investigated in the corresponding medical literature [9], [13]. Further studies in this regard are advisable in order to verify how often such misdiagnoses occur in KS in women (which could also be a reason for the differences in prevalence among the gender groups) and whether medical treatment could be further optimised through a correct diagnosis. It can, however, be assumed that most women largely felt they were receiving adequate medical care with the diagnosis of oestrogen deficiency and thus did not make any further efforts to obtain a medical diagnosis.

Besides the appropriate coordination of medical treatment, psychotherapeutic support and, particularly where necessary, support relating to sex therapy and sex education are to be advised as a matter of urgency [13], [17]. While Han and Bouloux [17] express this recommendation for men, the present research findings suggest that support within sex therapy is particularly relevant for women due to the low libido and dry vagina [13]. Furthermore, the Ps found it stressful that their bodies did not develop appropriately during puberty, which led to major insecurities with regard to contact with girls of the same age and, above all, with boys.

The account of one P can serve as an example of good, successful support for those affected. During puberty, this P experienced hardly any stress and impacts caused by KS and did not feel restricted by KS, even in later life. She stressed that the people around her always emphasised the normalisation of her development. She also had the opportunity to exchange experiences with another sufferer, her brother. Her early diagnosis was followed by appropriate treatment.

This explorative study raises further in-depth research questions that could contribute to more differentiated findings and better, more appropriate treatment for those affected:

• How do the various medications influence the mood and libido of the affected women?

• What effects does early appropriate medication have on physical development and self-perception?

• Does an early diagnosis help to reduce the mental impacts caused by the lack of physical development?

• How relevant, with regard to the applied hormone therapy and mental impacts, is the difference between the initial diagnosis of oestrogen deficiency and the final diagnosis of KS?

• What kinds of psychotherapeutic services are particularly helpful for those affected and what form does appropriate therapeutic support take?

• How can support within sex therapy and sex education be shaped?

Further research into the mental impact of KS on women is advised as there are very few systematic studies in this research field, even fewer than on the mental impacts of KS among men.

Conclusions

It became clear through the study that there are not only direct mental impacts and stresses due to the hormone deficiency, but also indirect mental impacts and stresses due to the lack of physical development, such as low libido or the development of feelings of shame about oneʼs own body, and as a result of social difficulties in how to make contact with men. KS should therefore not be viewed as a purely somato-medical problem, but instead the psychosocial aspects of KS should also be perceived and noted as a limitation on quality of life. For women who react sensitively to hormone treatment with mood swings, provisions should be made to offer relief in this respect.

Psychological advice or a psychotherapist is to be recommended during the diagnosis of KS as well as, where required, assistance in the form of sex education or sex therapy.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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