Physiologie der Sehnenheilung

J. Nowotny; P. Kasten

doi:10.1055/s-0033-1358106

Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie up2date, Table of Contents

Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie up2date 2015; 10(1): 75-87
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1358106

Grundlagen

Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Physiologie der Sehnenheilung

Authors

J. Nowotny

¹ UniversitätsCentrum für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden
P. Kasten

²Orthopädisch Chirurgisches Centrum, Tübingen

Abstract

All articles of this category

Sehnenverletzungen stellen in der Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädie eine häufige Ursache von Schmerzen und Funktionseinschränkungen dar. Dieser Artikel soll einen Überblick über die Anatomie, den Mechanismus der Schädigung, die Reparaturmechanismen, die Phasen der Heilung von Sehnen und die Grundlagen der Therapie geben.

Full Text

References

Zum Weiterlesen und Vertiefen
Carpenter JE, Thomopoulos S, Flanagan CL et al. Rotator cuff defect healing: a biomechanical and histologic analysis in an animal model. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1998; 7: 599-605
Cheung EV, Silverio L, Sperling JW. Strategies in biologic augmentation of rotator cuff repair: a review. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010; 468: 1476-1484
Fallon J, Blevins FT, Vogel K et al. Functional morphology of the supraspinatus tendon. J Orthop Res 2002; 20: 920-926
Gaida JE, Alfredson H, Kiss ZS et al. Asymptomatic Achilles tendon pathology is associated with a central fat distribution in men and a peripheral fat distribution in women: a cross sectional study of 298 individuals. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11: 41
Killian ML, Cavinatto L, Galatz LM et al. The role of mechanobiology in tendon healing. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2012; 21 (2) 228-237
Kirkendall DT, Garrett WE. Function and biomechanics of tendons. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997; 7: 62-66
Kjaer M, Langberg H, Heinemeier K et al. From mechanical loading to collagen synthesis, structural changes and function in human tendon. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 19: 500-510
Lin TW, Cardenas L, Soslowsky LJ. Biomechanics of tendon injury and repair. J Biomech 2004; 37: 865-877
Manske PR, Gelberman RH, Lesker PA. Flexor tendon healing. Hand Clin 1985; 1: 25-34
Matthew CA, Moore MJ. Regeneration of rat extensor digitorum longus tendon: the effect of a sequential partial tenotomy on collagen fibril formation. Matrix 1991; 11: 259-268
Moraes VY, Lenza M, Tamaoki MJ et al. Platelet-rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (12) CD010071
Müller-Wohlfahrt H-W, Ueblacker P, Hänsel L. Muskelverletzungen im Sport. 2. Aufl.. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2014:
Neer CS. Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1972; 54: 41-50
Randelli PS, Arrigoni P, Cabitza P et al. Autologous platelet rich plasma for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. A pilot study. Disabil Rehabil 2008; 30: 1584-1589
Rathbun JB, Macnab I. The microvascular pattern of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1970; 52: 540-553
Soslowsky LJ, Thomopoulos S, Tun S et al. Neer Award 1999. Overuse activity injures the supraspinatus tendon in an animal model: a histologic and biomechanical study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2000; 9: 79-84
Uysal CA, Tobita M, Hyakusoku H et al. Adipose-derived stem cells enhance primary tendon repair: biomechanical and immunohistochemical evaluation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012; 65: 1712-1719
Williams JG. Achilles tendon lesions in sport. Sports Med 1993; 16: 216-220
Xu Y, Murrell GA. The basic science of tendinopathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466: 1528-1538
Yamaguchi K, Ditsios K, Middleton WD et al. The demographic and morphological features of rotator cuff disease. A comparison of asymptomatic and symptomatic shoulders. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88: 1699-1704
Zhang J, Wang JH. Characterization of differential properties of rabbit tendon stem cells and tenocytes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11: 10

Quellenangaben
Abate M, Silbernagel KG, Siljeholm C et al. Pathogenesis of tendinopathies: inflammation or degeneration?. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11 (3) 235
Ahmad Z, Brooks R, Kang SN et al. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on clinical outcomes in lateral epicondylitis. Arthroscopy 2013; 29 (11) 1851-1862
Akeson WH, Amiel D, Mechanic GL et al. Collagen cross-linking alterations in joint contractures: changes in the reducible cross-links in periarticular connective tissue collagen after nine weeks of immobilization. Connect Tissue Res 1977; 5 (1) 15-19
Akeson WH, Woo SL, Amiel D et al. The connective tissue response to immobility: biochemical changes in periarticular connective tissue of the immobilized rabbit knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1973; (93) 356-362
Almekinders LC, Almekinders SV. Outcome in the treatment of chronic overuse sports injuries: a retrospective study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1994; 19 (3) 157-161
Arner O, Lindholm A, Lindvall N. Subcutaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon. A new roentgendiagnostic method. Acta Chir Scand 1960; 119: 523-525
Astrom M, Westlin N. Blood flow in chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1994; (308) 166-172
Awad HA, Butler DL, Boivin GP et al. Autologous mesenchymal stem cell-mediated repair of tendon. Tissue Eng 1999; 5 (3) 267-277
Bailey AJ, Lapiere CM. Effect of an additional peptide extension of the N-terminus of collagen from dermatosparactic calves on the cross-linking of the collagen fibres. Eur J Biochem 1973; 34 (1) 91-96
Baksh N, Hannon CP, Murawski CD. Platelet-rich plasma in tendon models: a systematic review of basic science literature. Arthroscopy 2013; 29 (3) 596-607
Barber FA, Herbert MA, Boothby MH. Ultimate tensile failure loads of a human dermal allograft rotator cuff augmentation. Arthroscopy 2008; 24 (1) 20-24
Barkhausen T, van Griensven M, Zeichen J, Bosch U. Modulation of cell functions of human tendon fibroblasts by different repetitive cyclic mechanical stress patterns. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2003; 55 (2–3) 153-158
Bedi A, Kovacevic D, Hettrich C et al. The effect of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition on tendon-to-bone healing in a rotator cuff repair model. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2010; 19 (3) 384-391
Best TM, McElhaney J, Garrett WE et al. Characterization of the passive responses of live skeletal muscle using the quasi-linear theory of viscoelasticity. J Biomech 1994; 27 (4) 413-419
Buchmann S, Sandmann GH, Walz L et al. Refixation of the supraspinatus tendon in a rat model-influence of continuous growth factor application on tendon structure. J Orthop Res 2013; 31 (2) 300-305
Caplan AI, Bruder SP. Mesenchymal stem cells: building blocks for molecular medicine in the 21 st century. Trends Mol Med 2001; 7 (6) 259-264
Carpenter JE, Thomopoulos S, Flanagan CL et al. Rotator cuff defect healing: a biomechanical and histologic analysis in an animal model. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1998; 7 (6) 599-605
Castricini R, Longo UG, De BM et al. Platelet-rich plasma augmentation for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39 (2) 258-265
Chan BP, Chan KM, Mafulli N. Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor: an in vitro study of tendon healing. Clin Orthop 1997; 342: 239-247
Cheung EV, Silverio L, Sperling JW. Strategies in biologic augmentation of rotator cuff repair: a review. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010; 468 (6) 1476-1484
Cook JL, Kiss ZS, Ptasznik R et al. Is vascularity more evident after exercise? Implications for tendon imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185 (5) 1138-1140
Dagher E, Hays PL, Kawamura S et al. Immobilization modulates macrophage accumulation in tendon-bone healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467 (1) 281-287
Dalton S, Cawston TE, Riley GP et al. Human shoulder tendon biopsy samples in organ culture produce procollagenase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Ann Rheum Dis 1995; 54 (7) 571-577
Duffy Jr FJ, Seiler JG, Gelberman RH et al. Growth factors and canine flexor tendon healing: initial studies in uninjured and repair models. J Hand Surg Am 1995; 20 (4) 645-649
Fallon J, Blevins FT, Vogel K et al. Functional morphology of the supraspinatus tendon. J Orthop Res 2002; 20 (5) 920-926
Fenwick SA, Hazleman BL, Riley GP. The vasculature and its role in the damaged and healing tendon. Arthritis Res 2002; 4 (4) 252-260
Foster TE, Puskas BL, Mandelbaum BR et al. Platelet-rich plasma: from basic science to clinical applications. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37 (11) 2259-2272
Funakoshi T, Majima T, Iwasaki N et al. Application of tissue engineering techniques for rotator cuff regeneration using a chitosan-based hyaluronan hybrid fiber scaffold. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (8) 1193-1201
Funakoshi T, Majima T, Suenaga N et al. Rotator cuff regeneration using chitin fabric as an acellular matrix. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006; 15 (1) 112-118
Fyfe I, Stanish WD. The use of eccentric training and stretching in the treatment and prevention of tendon injuries. Clin Sports Med 1992; 11 (3) 601-624
Gabra N, Khayat A, Calabresi P et al. Detection of elevated basic fibroblast growth factor during early hours of in vitro angiogenesis using a fast ELISA immunoassay. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 205 (2) 1423-1430
Gaida JE, Alfredson H, Kiss ZS et al. Asymptomatic Achilles tendon pathology is associated with a central fat distribution in men and a peripheral fat distribution in women: a cross sectional study of 298 individuals. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11: 41
Galatz LM, Charlton N, Das R et al. Complete removal of load is detrimental to rotator cuff healing. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2009; 18 (5) 669-675
Garner WL, McDonald JA, Koo M et al. Identification of the collagen-producing cells in healing flexor tendons. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989; 83 (5) 875-879
Gelberman RH, Menon J, Gonsalves M et al. The effects of mobilization on the vascularization of healing flexor tendons in dogs. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1980; (153) 283-289
Gilbert TW, Freund JM, Badylak SF. Quantification of DNA in biologic scaffold materials. J Surg Res 2009; 152 (1) 135-139
Gimbel JA, Van Kleunen JP, Williams GR et al. Long durations of immobilization in the rat result in enhanced mechanical properties of the healing supraspinatus tendon insertion site. J Biomech Eng 2007; 129 (3) 400-404
Giori NJ, Beaupre GS, Carter DR. Cellular shape and pressure may mediate mechanical control of tissue composition in tendons. J Orthop Res 1993; 11 (4) 581-591
Goh KL, Holmes DF, Lu HY et al. Ageing changes in the tensile properties of tendons: influence of collagen fibril volume fraction. J Biomech Eng 2008; 130 (2) 021011
Grotendorst GR, Martin GR, Pencev D et al. Stimulation of granulation tissue formation by platelet-derived growth factor in normal and diabetic rats. J Clin Invest 1985; 76 (6) 2323-2329
Gruchow HW, Pelletier D. An epidemiologic study of tennis elbow. Incidence, recurrence, and effectiveness of prevention strategies. Am J Sports Med 1979; 7 (4) 234-238
Gulotta LV, Kovacevic D, Ehteshami JR et al. Application of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a rotator cuff repair model. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37 (11) 2126-2133
Gulotta LV, Rodeo SA. Growth factors for rotator cuff repair. Clin Sports Med 2009; 28 (1) 13-23
Heisterbach PE, Todorov A, Fluckiger R et al. Effect of BMP-12, TGF-beta1 and autologous conditioned serum on growth factor expression in Achilles tendon healing. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20 (10) 1907-1914
Hess GP, Cappiello WL, Poole RM et al. Prevention and treatment of overuse tendon injuries. Sports Med 1989; 8 (6) 371-384
Hooley CJ, Cohen RE. A model for the creep behaviour of tendon. Int J Biol Macromol 1979; 1: 123-132
Hudson-Goodman P, Girard N, Jones MB. Wound repair and the potential use of growth factors. Heart Lung 1990; 19 (4) 379-384
James SL, Bates BT, Osternig LR. Injuries to runners. Am J Sports Med 1978; 6 (2) 40-50
John T, Lodka D, Kohl B et al. Effect of pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines on human tenocytes. J Orthop Res 2010; 28 (8) 1071-1077
Jones JI, Clemmons DR. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocr Rev 1995; 16 (1) 3-34
Kannus P. Structure of the tendon connective tissue. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2000; 10 (6) 312-320
Killian ML, Cavinatto L, Galatz LM et al. The role of mechanobiology in tendon healing. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2012; 21 (2) 228-237
Kim HM, Galatz LM, Das R et al. The role of transforming growth factor beta isoforms in tendon-to-bone healing. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52 (2) 87-98
Kirkendall DT, Garrett WE. Function and biomechanics of tendons. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997; 7: 62-66
Kjaer M. Role of extracellular matrix in adaptation of tendon and skeletal muscle to mechanical loading. Physiol Rev 2004; 84 (2) 649-698
Kjaer M, Langberg H, Heinemeier K et al. From mechanical loading to collagen synthesis, structural changes and function in human tendon. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 19 (4) 500-510
Kohno T, Ishibashi Y, Tsuda E et al. Immunohistochemical demonstration of growth factors at the tendon-bone interface in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a rabbit model. J Orthop Sci 2007; 12 (1) 67-73
Koob TJ, Vogel KG. Site-related variations in glycosaminoglycan content and swelling properties of bovine flexor tendon. J Orthop Res 1987; 5 (3) 414-424
Kostopoulos E, Casoli V, Verolino P et al. Arterial blood supply of the extensor apparatus of the long fingers. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117 (7) 2310-2318
Kovacevic D, Rodeo SA. Biological augmentation of rotator cuff tendon repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466 (3) 622-633
Kruger JP, Ketzmar AK, Endres M et al. Human platelet-rich plasma induces chondrogenic differentiation of subchondral progenitor cells in polyglycolic acid-hyaluronan scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 102 (4) 681-692
Kujala UM, Sarna S, Kaprio J. Cumulative incidence of achilles tendon rupture and tendinopathy in male former elite athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2005; 15 (3) 133-135
Kurtz CA, Loebig TG, Anderson DD et al. Insulin-like growth factor I accelerates functional recovery from Achilles tendon injury in a rat model. Am J Sports Med 1999; 27 (3) 363-369
Lamsam C, Fu FH, Robbins PD et al. Gene therapy in sports medicine. Sports Med 1998; 25 (2) 73-77
Langberg H, Rosendal L, Kjaer M. Training-induced changes in peritendinous type I collagen turnover determined by microdialysis in humans. J Physiol 2001; 534 (Pt 1) 297-302
Langberg H, Skovgaard D, Karamouzis M et al. Metabolism and inflammatory mediators in the peritendinous space measured by microdialysis during intermittent isometric exercise in humans. J Physiol 1999; 515 (Pt 3) 919-927
Langberg H, Skovgaard D, Petersen LJ et al. Type I collagen synthesis and degradation in peritendinous tissue after exercise determined by microdialysis in humans. J Physiol 1999; 521 (Pt 1) 299-306
Lattermann C, Zelle BA, Whalen JD et al. Gene transfer to the tendon-bone insertion site. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2004; 12 (5) 510-515
Lin TW, Cardenas L, Soslowsky LJ. Biomechanics of tendon injury and repair. J Biomech 2004; 37 (6) 865-877
Lohr JF, Uhthoff HK. Epidemiologie und Pathophysiologie der Rotatorenmanschettenrupturen. Orthopäde 2007; 36 (9) 788-795
Maffulli N, King JB. Effects of physical activity on some components of the skeletal system. Sports Med 1992; 13 (6) 393-407
Maffulli N, Regine R, Angelillo M et al. Ultrasound diagnosis of Achilles tendon pathology in runners. Br J Sports Med 1987; 21 (4) 158-162
Magnusson SP, Qvortrup K, Larsen JO et al. Collagen fibril size and crimp morphology in ruptured and intact Achilles tendons. Matrix Biol 2002; 21 (4) 369-377
Magra M, Maffulli N. Molecular events in tendinopathy: a role for metalloproteases. Foot Ankle Clin 2005; 10 (2) 267-277
Majima T, Yasuda K, Tsuchida T et al. Stress shielding of patellar tendon: effect on small-diameter collagen fibrils in a rabbit model. J Orthop Sci 2003; 8 (6) 836-841
Malcarney HL, Bonar F, Murrell GA. Early inflammatory reaction after rotator cuff repair with a porcine small intestine submucosal implant: a report of 4 cases. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (6) 907-911
Manske PR, Gelberman RH, Lesker PA. Flexor tendon healing. Hand Clin 1985; 1 (1) 25-34
Mason ML, Allen HS. The rate of healing of tendons: an experimental study of tensile strengtH. Ann Surg 1941; 113 (3) 424-459
Matthew CA, Moore MJ. Regeneration of rat extensor digitorum longus tendon: the effect of a sequential partial tenotomy on collagen fibril formation. Matrix 1991; 11 (4) 259-268
Moore DR, Cain EL, Schwartz ML et al. Allograft reconstruction for massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34 (3) 392-396
Moraes VY, Lenza M, Tamaoki MJ et al. Platelet-rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (12) CD010071
Nakamura N, Timmermann SA, Hart DA et al. A comparison of in vivo gene delivery methods for antisense therapy in ligament healing. Gene Ther 1998; 5 (11) 1455-1461
Neer CS. Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder: a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1972; 54 (1) 41-50
OʼConnor PJ, Grainger AJ, Morgan SR et al. Ultrasound assessment of tendons in asymptomatic volunteers: a study of reproducibility. Eur Radiol 2004; 14 (11) 1968-1973
Oshiro W, Lou J, Xing X et al. Flexor tendon healing in the rat: a histologic and gene expression study. J Hand Surg Am 2003; 28 (5) 814-823
Paoloni JA, Appleyard RC, Nelson J et al. Topical glyceryl trinitrate application in the treatment of chronic supraspinatus tendinopathy: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33 (6) 806-813
Parry DA, Barnes GR, Craig AS. A comparison of the size distribution of collagen fibrils in connective tissues as a function of age and a possible relation between fibril size distribution and mechanical properties. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1978; 203 (1152) 305-321
Parsons BO, Gruson KI, Chen DD et al. Does slower rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair lead to long-term stiffness?. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2010; 19 (7) 1034-1039
Petersen W, Pufe T, Kurz B et al. Angiogenesis in fetal tendon development: spatial and temporal expression of the angiogenic peptide vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Anat Embryol (Berl) 2002; 205 (4) 263-270
Pierce GF, Tarpley JE, Tseng J et al. Detection of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA in actively healing human wounds treated with recombinant PDGF-BB and absence of PDGF in chronic nonhealing wounds. J Clin Invest 1995; 96 (3) 1336-1350
Pins GD, Christiansen DL, Patel R et al. Self-assembly of collagen fibers. Influence of fibrillar alignment and decorin on mechanical properties. Biophys J 1997; 73 (4) 2164-2172
Randelli PS, Arrigoni P, Cabitza P et al. Autologous platelet rich plasma for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. A pilot study. Disabil Rehabil 2008; 30 (20–22) 1584-1589
Rathbun JB, Macnab I. The microvascular pattern of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1970; 52 (3) 540-553
Reinke JM, Sorg H. Wound repair and regeneration. Eur Surg Res 2012; 49 (1) 35-43
Riley G. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy. A molecular perspective. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43 (2) 131-142
Sanchez M, Anitua E, Orive G et al. Platelet-rich therapies in the treatment of orthopaedic sport injuries. Sports Med 2009; 39 (5) 345-354
Schulze-Tanzil G, Al-Sadi O, Wiegand E et al. The role of pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in tendon healing and rupture: new insights. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21 (3) 337-351
Smith RK, Birch HL, Goodman S et al. The influence of ageing and exercise on tendon growth and degeneration-hypotheses for the initiation and prevention of strain-induced tendinopathies. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 133 (4) 1039-1050
Soldatis JJ, Goodfellow DB, Wilber JH. End-to-end operative repair of Achilles tendon rupture. Am J Sports Med 1997; 25 (1) 90-95
Soslowsky LJ, Thomopoulos S, Tun S et al. Neer Award 1999. Overuse activity injures the supraspinatus tendon in an animal model: a histologic and biomechanical study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2000; 9 (2) 79-84
Sun HB, Andarawis-Puri N, Li Y et al. Cycle-dependent matrix remodeling gene expression response in fatigue-loaded rat patellar tendons. J Orthop Res 2010; 28 (10) 1380-1386
Tempelhof S, Rupp S, Seil R. Age-related prevalence of rotator cuff tears in asymptomatic shoulders. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1999; 8 (4) 296-299
Thomopoulos S, Williams GR, Soslowsky LJ. Tendon to bone healing: differences in biomechanical, structural, and compositional properties due to a range of activity levels. J Biomech Eng 2003; 125 (1) 106-113
Tsuzaki M, Brigman BE, Yamamoto J et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I is expressed by avian flexor tendon cells. J Orthop Res 2000; 18 (4) 546-556
Uggen JC, Dines J, Uggen CW et al. Tendon gene therapy modulates the local repair environment in the shoulder. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2005; 105 (1) 20-21
Uysal CA, Tobita M, Hyakusoku H et al. Adipose-derived stem cells enhance primary tendon repair: biomechanical and immunohistochemical evaluation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012; 65 (12) 1712-1719
Vogel KG, Heinegard D. Characterization of proteoglycans from adult bovine tendon. J Biol Chem 1985; 260 (16) 9298-9306
Vogel KG, Sandy JD, Pogany G et al. Aggrecan in bovine tendon. Matrix Biol 1994; 14 (2) 171-179
Waggett AD, Benjamin M, Ralphs JR. Connexin 32 and 43 gap junctions differentially modulate tenocyte response to cyclic mechanical load. Eur J Cell Biol 2006; 85 (11) 1145-1154
Wang JH, Jia F, Yang G et al. Cyclic mechanical stretching of human tendon fibroblasts increases the production of prostaglandin E2 and levels of cyclooxygenase expression: a novel in vitro model study. Connect Tissue Res 2003; 44 (3–4) 128-133
Williams JG. Achilles tendon lesions in sport. Sports Med 1993; 16 (3) 216-220
Wojciak B, Crossan JF. The accumulation of inflammatory cells in synovial sheath and epitenon during adhesion formation in healing rat flexor tendons. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 93 (1) 108-114
Woo SL, Orlando CA, Gomez MA et al. Tensile properties of the medial collateral ligament as a function of age. J Orthop Res 1986; 4 (2) 133-141
Xu Y, Murrell GA. The basic science of tendinopathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466 (7) 1528-1538
Yamaguchi K, Ditsios K, Middleton WD et al. The demographic and morphological features of rotator cuff disease. A comparison of asymptomatic and symptomatic shoulders. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88 (8) 1699-1704
Yokoya S, Mochizuki Y, Natsu K et al. Rotator cuff regeneration using a bioabsorbable material with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40 (6) 1259-1268
Zhang J, Pan T, Liu Y, Wang JH. Mouse treadmill running enhances tendons by expanding the pool of tendon stem cells (TSCs) and TSC-related cellular production of collagen. J Orthop Res 2010; 28 (9) 1178-1183
Zhang J, Wang JH. Characterization of differential properties of rabbit tendon stem cells and tenocytes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11: 10
Zhou Z, Akinbiyi T, Xu L et al. Tendon-derived stem/progenitor cell aging: defective self-renewal and altered fate. Aging Cell 2010; 9 (5) 911-915

Supplementary Material

References (PDF)