Das komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrom^[*]

Zusammenfassung

Das CRPS ist ein posttraumatisches Schmerzsyndrom einer Extremität, bei dem die Schmerzen im Vergleich zum erwarteten Heilungsverlauf unangemessen stark ausgeprägt sind und die Symptome sich nicht auf die Traumastelle oder das Innervationsgebiet einzelner peripherer Nerven beschränken. Eine frühzeitige Therapie kann die Entwicklung eines chronischen CRPS verhindern.

• Literatur

• 1 Stanton-Hicks M, Janig W, Hassenbusch S et al. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: changing concepts and taxonomy. Pain 1995; 63: 127-133
• 2 Merskey H, Bogduk N Hrsg. Classification of chronic pain. Description of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2. Aufl. Seattle: IASP press; 1994
• 3 Harden RN, Bruehl S, Stanton-Hicks M et al. Proposed new diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Med 2007; 8: 326-331
• 4 Harden RN, Bruehl S, Perez RS et al. Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the “Budapest Criteria”) for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Pain 2010; 150: 268-274
• 5 Sandroni P, Benrud-Larson LM, McClelland RL et al. Complex regional pain syndrome type I: incidence and prevalence in Olmsted county, a population-based study. Pain 2003; 103: 199-207
• 6 Marinus J, Moseley GL, Birklein F et al. Clinical features and pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10: 637-648
• 7 Birklein F, Riedl B, Sieweke N et al. Neurological findings in complex regional pain syndromes – analysis of 145 cases. Acta Neurol Scand 2000; 101: 262-269
• 8 Birklein F, Sittl R, Spitzer A et al. Sudomotor function in sympathetic reflex dystrophy. Pain 1997; 69: 49-54
• 9 Rommel O, Malin JP, Zenz M et al. Quantitative sensory testing, neurophysiological and psychological examination in patients with complex regional pain syndrome and hemisensory deficits. Pain 2001; 93: 279-293
• 10 Üçeyler N, Eberle T, Rolke R et al. Differential expression patterns of cytokines in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2007; 132: 195-205
• 11 Gierthmühlen J, Maier C, Baron R et al. Sensory signs in complex regional pain syndrome and peripheral nerve injury. Pain 2012; 153: 765-774
• 12 Frettlöh J, Huppe M, Maier C. Severity and specificity of neglect-like symptoms in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) compared to chronic limb pain of other origins. Pain 2006; 124: 184-189
• 13 Greenspan JD, Treede RD, Lenz FA. “Pseudo-neglect” in CRPS is closer to “anti-neglect” than to classical hemi-neglect?. Pain 2012; 153: 2157-2158
• 14 Lewis JS, Kersten P, McCabe CS et al. Body perception disturbance: a contribution to pain in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Pain 2007; 133: 111-119
• 15 Caty G, Hu L, Legrain V et al. Psychophysical and electrophysiological evidence for nociceptive dysfunction in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2013; 154: 2521-2528
• 16 Peltz E, Seifert F, Maihofner C. Leitfaden zur Diagnostik des Komplexen regionalen Schmerzsyndroms. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 2012; 44: 135-141
• 17 Birklein F, Baron R, Sommer C et al. Diagnostik und Therapie komplexer regionaler Schmerzsyndrome (CRPS). In: Diener HC, Weimar C, Hrsg. Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2012
• 18 Ringer R, Wertli M, Bachmann LM et al. Concordance of qualitative bone scintigraphy results with presence of clinical complex regional pain syndrome 1: meta-analysis of test accuracy studies. Eur J Pain 2012; 16: 1347-1356
• 19 Moon JY, Park SY, Kim YC et al. Analysis of patterns of three-phase bone scintigraphy for patients with complex regional pain syndrome diagnosed using the proposed research criteria (the “Budapest Criteria”). Br J Anaesth 2012; 108: 655-661
• 20 Schürmann M, Zaspel J, Lohr P et al. Imaging in early posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome: a comparison of diagnostic methods. Clin J Pain 2007; 23: 449-457
• 21 Cappello ZJ, Kasdan ML, Louis DS. Meta-analysis of imaging techniques for the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome type I. J Hand Surg Am 2012; 37: 288-296
• 22 Krumova EK, Frettloh J, Klauenberg S et al. Long-term skin temperature measurements – a practical diagnostic tool in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2008; 140: 8-22
• 23 Zollinger PE, Tuinebreijer WE, Kreis RW et al. Effect of vitamin C on frequency of reflex sympathetic dystrophy in wrist fractures: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 354: 2025-2028
• 24 van de Beek WJ, Roep BO, van der Slik AR et al. Susceptibility loci for complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2003; 103: 93-97
• 25 Lohnberg JA, Altmaier EM. A review of psychosocial factors in complex regional pain syndrome. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2013; 20: 247-254
• 26 Dilek B, Yemez B, Kizil R et al. Anxious personality is a risk factor for developing complex regional pain syndrome type I. Rheumatol Int 2012; 32: 915-920
• 27 Parkitny L, McAuley JH, Di Pietro F et al. Inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 2013; 80: 106-117
• 28 Krämer HH, Eberle T, Üçeyler N et al. TNF-alpha in CRPS and ‘normal’ trauma – significant differences between tissue and serum. Pain 2011; 152: 285-290
• 29 Lenz M, Uceyler N, Frettloh J et al. Local cytokine changes in complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) resolve after 6months. Pain 2013; 154: 2142-2149
• 30 Weber M, Birklein F, Neundorfer B et al. Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2001; 91: 251-257
• 31 Birklein F, Schmelz M, Schifter S et al. The important role of neuropeptides in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 2001; 57: 2179-2184
• 32 Evans JA. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy; report on 57 cases. Ann Intern Med 1947; 26: 417-426
• 33 Wasner G. Vasomotor disturbances in complex regional pain syndrome – a review. Pain Med 2010; 11: 1267-1273
• 34 Gibbs GF, Drummond PD, Finch PM et al. Unravelling the pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome: focus on sympathetically maintained pain. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35: 717-724
• 35 Maihöfner C, Handwerker HO, Neundörfer B et al. Cortical reorganization during recovery from complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology 2004; 63: 693-701
• 36 Schwenkreis P, Maier C, Tegenthoff M. Functional imaging of central nervous system involvement in complex regional pain syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30: 1279-1284
• 37 Beerthuizen A, Stronks DL, Van't SpijkerA et al. Demographic and medical parameters in the development of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1): prospective study on 596 patients with a fracture. Pain 2012; 153: 1187-1192
• 38 O'Connell NE, Wand BM, McAuley J et al. Interventions for treating pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; CD009416 4
• 39 Christensen K, Jensen EM, Noer I. The reflex dystrophy syndrome response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids. Acta Chir Scand 1982; 148: 653-655
• 40 Varenna M, Adami S, Rossini M et al. Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I with neridronate: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52: 534-542
• 41 Goebel A, Baranowski A, Maurer K et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of the complex regional pain syndrome: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 152-158
• 42 Schwartzman RJ, Alexander GM, Grothusen JR et al. Outpatient intravenous ketamine for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Pain 2009; 147: 107-115
• 43 Stanton TR, Wand BM, Carr DB et al. Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; CD004598 8
• 44 Straube S, Derry S, Moore RA et al. Cervico-thoracic or lumbar sympathectomy for neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; CD002918 9
• 45 Kemler MA, de Vet HC, Barendse GA et al. Effect of spinal cord stimulation for chronic complex regional pain syndrome Type I: five-year final follow-up of patients in a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg 2008; 108: 292-298