J Knee Surg 2014; 27(05): 331-342
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1384216
Special Focus Section
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Tips for Successful Transtibial Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Marc S. Haro
1   Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
,
Andy Riff
1   Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
,
Bernard R. Bach Jr.
1   Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

29 April 2014

07 May 2014

Publication Date:
25 June 2014 (online)

Abstract

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the most common procedures performed in orthopedics. While results from ACL reconstruction have been highly successful in restoring knee stability and allowing patients to return to sports, a debate continues as to which technique is best for restoring native anatomy and biomechanics. Some have proposed that a transtibial (TT) technique is not able to restore an ACL graft to the native femoral footprint and have advocated independent drilling of the femoral tunnel. We propose that with careful technique it is possible to reliably and reproducibly place the femoral tunnel in the anatomic femoral footprint using a TT technique with excellent results. We describe this surgical technique in detail and review the literature regarding the debate over TT drilling of the femoral tunnel and describe the senior author's (B.R.B.) experience using this technique.

 
  • References

  • 1 Griffin LY, Albohm MJ, Arendt EA , et al. Understanding and preventing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a review of the Hunt Valley II meeting, January 2005. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34 (9) 1512-1532
  • 2 Shelbourne KD, Gray T. Minimum 10-year results after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: how the loss of normal knee motion compounds other factors related to the development of osteoarthritis after surgery. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37 (3) 471-480
  • 3 Salmon LJ, Russell VJ, Refshauge K , et al. Long-term outcome of endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft: minimum 13-year review. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34 (5) 721-732
  • 4 Shelbourne KD, Sullivan AN, Bohard K, Gray T, Urch SE. Return to basketball and soccer after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in competitive school-aged athletes. Sports Health 2009; 1 (3) 236-241
  • 5 Ferrari JD, Bach Jr BR, Bush-Joseph CA, Wang T, Bojchuk J. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in men and women: An outcome analysis comparing gender. Arthroscopy 2001; 17 (6) 588-596
  • 6 Clancy Jr WG, Nelson DA, Reider B, Narechania RG. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using one-third of the patellar ligament, augmented by extra-articular tendon transfers. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982; 64 (3) 352-359
  • 7 Shelbourne KD, Whitaker HJ, McCarroll JR, Rettig AC, Hirschman LD. Anterior cruciate ligament injury: evaluation of intraarticular reconstruction of acute tears without repair. Two to seven year followup of 155 athletes. Am J Sports Med 1990; 18 (5) 484-488 , discussion 488–489
  • 8 Bartlett EC. Arthroscopic repair and augmentation of the anterior cruciate ligament in cadaver knees. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1983; (172) 107-111
  • 9 Dandy DJ, Flanagan JP, Steenmeyer V. Arthroscopy and the management of the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1982; (167) 43-49
  • 10 Ayerza MA, Múscolo DL, Costa-Paz M, Makino A, Rondón L. Comparison of sagittal obliquity of the reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament with native anterior cruciate ligament using magnetic resonance imaging. Arthroscopy 2003; 19 (3) 257-261
  • 11 Loh JC, Fukuda Y, Tsuda E, Steadman RJ, Fu FH, Woo SL-Y. Knee stability and graft function following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Comparison between 11 o'clock and 10 o'clock femoral tunnel placement. 2002 Richard O'Connor Award paper. Arthroscopy 2003; 19 (3) 297-304
  • 12 Daniel DM, Stone ML, Dobson BE, Fithian DC, Rossman DJ, Kaufman KR. Fate of the ACL-injured patient. A prospective outcome study. Am J Sports Med 1994; 22 (5) 632-644
  • 13 Arnold MP, Kooloos J, van Kampen A. Single-incision technique misses the anatomical femoral anterior cruciate ligament insertion: a cadaver study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2001; 9 (4) 194-199
  • 14 Wang H, Fleischli JE, Zheng NN. Transtibial versus anteromedial portal technique in single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: outcomes of knee joint kinematics during walking. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41 (8) 1847-1856
  • 15 Sidles JA, Larson RV, Garbini JL, Downey DJ, Matsen III FA. Ligament length relationships in the moving knee. J Orthop Res 1988; 6 (4) 593-610
  • 16 Hussein M, van Eck CF, Cretnik A, Dinevski D, Fu FH. Prospective randomized clinical evaluation of conventional single-bundle, anatomic single-bundle, and anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: 281 cases with 3- to 5-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40 (3) 512-520
  • 17 Bedi A, Altchek DW. The “footprint” anterior cruciate ligament technique: an anatomic approach to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2009; 25 (10) 1128-1138
  • 18 Heming JF, Rand J, Steiner ME. Anatomical limitations of transtibial drilling in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35 (10) 1708-1715
  • 19 Larson AI, Bullock DP, Pevny T. Comparison of 4 femoral tunnel drilling techniques in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2012; 28 (7) 972-979
  • 20 Ahn JH, Lee SH, Yoo JC, Ha HC. Measurement of the graft angles for the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with transtibial technique using postoperative magnetic resonance imaging in comparative study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007; 15 (11) 1293-1300
  • 21 Tompkins M, Milewski MD, Brockmeier SF, Gaskin CM, Hart JM, Miller MD. Anatomic femoral tunnel drilling in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: use of an accessory medial portal versus traditional transtibial drilling. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40 (6) 1313-1321
  • 22 Greis PE, Burks RT, Bachus K, Luker MG. The influence of tendon length and fit on the strength of a tendon-bone tunnel complex. A biomechanical and histologic study in the dog. Am J Sports Med 2001; 29 (4) 493-497
  • 23 Bedi A, Raphael B, Maderazo A, Pavlov H, Williams III RJ. Transtibial versus anteromedial portal drilling for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cadaveric study of femoral tunnel length and obliquity. Arthroscopy 2010; 26 (3) 342-350
  • 24 Piasecki DP, Bach Jr BR, Espinoza Orias AA, Verma NN. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: can anatomic femoral placement be achieved with a transtibial technique?. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39 (6) 1306-1315
  • 25 Chahal J, Lee A, Heard W, Bach BR. A retrospective review of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon: 25 years of experience. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2013; 1 (3) 2325967113501789
  • 26 Rue J-PH, Busam ML, Bach Jr BR. Hybrid single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique using a transtibial drilled femoral tunnel. Tech Knee Surg 2008; 7 (2) 107-114
  • 27 Chalmers PN, Mall NA, Cole BJ, Verma NN, Bush-Joseph CA, Bach Jr BR. Anteromedial versus transtibial tunnel drilling in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions: a systematic review. Arthroscopy 2013; 29 (7) 1235-1242
  • 28 Dugas JR, Pace JL, Bolt B, Wear SA, Beason DP, Cain EL. Evaluation and comparison of femoral tunnel placement during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using 3-dimensional computed tomography: effect of notchplasty on transtibial and medial portal drilling. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2014; 2 (3) 2325967114525572
  • 29 George MS, Dunn WR, Spindler KP. Current concepts review: revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34 (12) 2026-2037
  • 30 Jaureguito JW, Paulos LE. Why grafts fail. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996; (325) 25-41
  • 31 Johnson DL, Fu FH. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: why do failures occur?. Instr Course Lect 1995; 44: 391-406
  • 32 Gillquist J, Good L. Load and length changes in an artificial ligament substitute. 10 cases of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Acta Orthop Scand 1993; 64 (5) 575-579
  • 33 O'Brien WR. Isometric placement of anterior cruciate ligament substitutes. Oper Tech Orthop 1992; 2 (2) 49-54
  • 34 O'Meara PM, O'Brien WR, Henning CE. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction stability with continuous passive motion. The role of isometric graft placement. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992; (277) 201-209
  • 35 Penner DA, Daniel DM, Wood P, Mishra D. An in vitro study of anterior cruciate ligament graft placement and isometry. Am J Sports Med 1988; 16 (3) 238-243
  • 36 Sapega AAA, Moyer RAR, Schneck C, Komalahiranya N. Testing for isometry during reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Anatomical and biomechanical considerations. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990; 72 (2) 259-267
  • 37 Hefzy MS, Grood ES, Noyes FR. Factors affecting the region of most isometric femoral attachments. Part II: The anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med 1989; 17 (2) 208-216
  • 38 Steiner ME, Battaglia TC, Heming JF, Rand JD, Festa A, Baria M. Independent drilling outperforms conventional transtibial drilling in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37 (10) 1912-1919
  • 39 Scopp JM, Jasper LE, Belkoff SM, Moorman III CT. The effect of oblique femoral tunnel placement on rotational constraint of the knee reconstructed using patellar tendon autografts. Arthroscopy 2004; 20 (3) 294-299
  • 40 Lee MC, Seong SC, Lee S , et al. Vertical femoral tunnel placement results in rotational knee laxity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2007; 23 (7) 771-778
  • 41 Duquin TR, Wind WM, Fineberg MS, Smolinski RJ, Buyea CM. Current trends in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg 2009; 22 (1) 7-12
  • 42 Chechik O, Amar E, Khashan M, Lador R, Eyal G, Gold A. An international survey on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction practices. Int Orthop 2013; 37 (2) 201-206
  • 43 Nakamura M, Deie M, Shibuya H , et al. Potential risks of femoral tunnel drilling through the far anteromedial portal: a cadaveric study. Arthroscopy 2009; 25 (5) 481-487
  • 44 Marchant BG, Noyes FR, Barber-Westin SD, Fleckenstein C. Prevalence of nonanatomical graft placement in a series of failed anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38 (10) 1987-1996
  • 45 Riboh JC, Hasselblad V, Godin JA, Mather III RC. Transtibial versus independent drilling techniques for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41 (11) 2693-2702
  • 46 Kopf S, Forsythe B, Wong AK , et al. Nonanatomic tunnel position in traditional transtibial single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction evaluated by three-dimensional computed tomography. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92 (6) 1427-1431
  • 47 Rappé M, Horodyski M, Meister K, Indelicato PA. Nonirradiated versus irradiated Achilles allograft: in vivo failure comparison. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35 (10) 1653-1658
  • 48 Park SS-H, Dwyer T, Congiusta F, Whelan DB, Theodoropoulos J. Analysis of irradiation on the clinical effectiveness of allogenic tissue when used for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2014; ; January 29 (Epub ahead of print)
  • 49 Sun K, Tian S, Zhang J, Xia C, Zhang C, Yu T. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with BPTB autograft, irradiated versus non-irradiated allograft: a prospective randomized clinical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009; 17 (5) 464-474
  • 50 Yanke AB, Bell R, Lee AS, Shewman E, Wang VM, Bach Jr BR. Central-third bone-patellar tendon-bone allografts demonstrate superior biomechanical failure characteristics compared with hemi-patellar tendon grafts. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41 (11) 2521-2526
  • 51 Yanke A, Bell R, Lee A, Shewman EF, Wang V, Bach Jr BR. Regional mechanical properties of human patellar tendon allografts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; ; November 12 (Epub ahead of print)
  • 52 Yanke AB, Bell R, Lee A , et al. The biomechanical effects of 1.0 to 1.2 Mrad of γ irradiation on human bone-patellar tendon-bone allografts. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41 (4) 835-840