Key words myoma - sterility - myoma enucleation - pregnancy outcome - minilaparotomy - microsurgery
Schlüsselwörter Myome - Sterilität - Myomenukleation - Schwangerschaftsoutcome - Minilaparotomie -
Mikrochirurgie
Introduction
Uterine myomas are the most frequent benign hormone-dependent tumours in women of
child-bearing age with a prevalence of 50 % in European and up to 80 % in black African
women [1 ], [2 ]. Only rarely does a myoma degenerate to a leiomyosarcoma, the prevalence of which
lies between 0.4 and 1.80 per 100 000 women [3 ]. Signs for a malignant degeneration, among others, can be rapid growth or increased
vascularisation [4 ]. Although many women with myomas are at first mostly asymptomatic, later bleeding
disorders (dys- and hypermenorrhoea, menorrhagia with anaemia), lower abdominal pain,
pressure complaints in the abdomen and defaecation problems or hydronephroses occur
in about 50 % of them [5 ]. The symptoms caused by myomas vary individually according to size, location and
number of lesions.
Myomas can, in addition, cause not only sterility but also infertility. Submucosal
and intracavity myomas are accepted as reasons for sterility or infertility due to
their endometrial architecture on histology. Larger intramural myomas hinder growth
of the pregnant uterus and lead to asymmetrical deformities with escalated contractility
of the healthy musculature [6 ]. Furthermore, myoma-related changes of myometric contractility with negative effects
on migration of sperm and transport of embryos as well as obstruction of the proximal
tubal segments, impairment of blastocyst implantation due to venous ectasias and atrophy
of the endometrium near to the myoma [7 ] as well as increased expression of angiogenetic factors have been reported [8 ]. Intramural myomas can restrict the success of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) [9 ], [10 ]. During pregnancy an in part considerably increased growth can be seen in about
25 % of the myomas, especially in the first trimester. The myoma-related complications
of pregnancy and birth include early and late miscarriages, premature onset of labour
and rupture of membranes, necrotisation of above all larger myomas, chorio-/endometritis,
placental adhesion detachment disorders as well as postpartum haemorrhagias/atonias
[6 ], [7 ], [11 ]. Myomas near the cervix can represent an obstacle to delivery.
Drug treatment such as ulipristal acetate (Esmya®), GnRH analogues or pure gestagene
formulations cannot always be employed when there is a desire to have children. However,
GnRH analogues are an effective therapy for uterus myomatosus, albeit associated with
significant side effects [12 ], but in the meantime ulipristal acetate is available as a substance with a markedly
lower side effect profile [13 ], [14 ]. Apart from drug treatments, there are further invasive and non-invasive methods
such as uterine artery embolisation (UAE) [15 ] or MRI-guided focused ultrasound therapy (MRgFUS). These two procedures are neither
without risk nor suitable for all afflicted patients [7 ], [16 ], [17 ], [18 ], [19 ], [20 ]. With regard to pregnancy after UAE, there are as yet only few long-term results
and the available data reveal rather low pregnancy rates [21 ] as well as a higher risk of miscarriage [20 ]. Pregnancy after MRgFUS is in principle possible and can be carried through [22 ], [23 ], [24 ]; however, abdominal bleeding, renewed myoma growth and placentation disorders (placenta
previa) have been described during the pregnancy [24 ]. Sufficient and valid long-term results or prospective trials for women with the
desire to have children are lacking. In numerous trials the desire to have children
is an exclusion criterion for MRgFUS [22 ], [25 ], [26 ]. According to the present state of knowledge, not only UAE but also MRgFUS are indicated
in Germany solely for women after completion of their family planning or, respectively,
can only be recommended for patients with myoma-related fertility problems who also
suffer from a high-risk of surgery or those who refuse an operation [20 ], [22 ], [23 ], [27 ].
Organ-sparing myomectomy is an established, fertility-conserving procedure standing
alongside hysterectomy [28 ]. Advantages of the laparoscopic intervention in comparison to conventional laparotomy
are less pain [18 ], [29 ], lower intraoperative loss of blood [30 ], mostly shorter operating time in dependence on the original diagnosis, and a lower
rate of postoperative adhesions [31 ]. However, in the case of difficultly accessible or multiple myomas, the operating
time can under certain circumstances be longer than that of a conventional laparotomy,
so that laparoscopic myoma removal reaches its limits, especially for multiple myomas,
complex situations and the patientʼs desire to have children [32 ], [33 ], [34 ].
The aim of this study is to assess the fertility capability and pregnancy outcome
after operative removal of myomas by minilaparotomy in a special patient collective.
The collective consisted of women with mostly pronounced uterus myomatosus in the
form of multiple, larger myomas or myomas in unfavourable locations. The majority
of selected women still had a desire to have children, had previously suffered a miscarriage
or wished to retain their uterus. Special attention in the data analysis was paid
to complications in pregnancy or delivery due to the surgery, and especially to postoperative
uterine ruptures.
Materials and Methods
Recruiting the trial collective
Retrospective data from patients of the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of
the Medical University of Hannover in whom a symptomatic uterus myomatosus was operated
by minilaparotomy under standardised microsurgical conditions in the period from June
2004 to June 2008 were evaluated. Family planning was not completed for the majority
of the selected women. In the first six months after surgery the women were required
to use contraception, and at least 18 months had passed prior to data acquisition.
The ethics commission of the Medical University of Hannover approved the trial (No. 473).
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria were: age ≤ 42 years; myoma size at least 5 cm in maximum diameter
or 4 cm with hysteroscopically demonstrated cavity contact. When the largest myoma
was smaller, at least three myomas had to be resected. Patients with sarcomatous degeneration
or the concomitant existence of ovarian or andrological sterility as well as endometriosis
rAFS III°/IV° were excluded, since the latter diseases can have a considerable negative
influence on fertility ability and thus falsify the analysis of postoperative pregnancy
rates.
Surgical procedures
An obligatory hysteroscopy was performed before starting the laparotomy in order to
visualise or, respectively, remove intracavitary and submucous myomas, etc. For the
minilaparotomy the patient is placed in a supine position and a panhandle incision
of ca. 8–10 cm is made. Under bipolar coagulation ([Fig. 1 ]) and continuous flushing of the wound site with heparinised Ringerʼs lactate solution,
complete removal of the myomas was carried out with sparing of healthy myometrium
and as far as possible avoidance of cavity opening ([Fig. 2 ]). The resulting wound cavity ([Fig. 3 ]) is closed in two or three layers depending on the depth of the wound with vicryl
sutures of size 0 to 2 by Z or individual button sutures according to layer while
avoiding cavities. For adhesion prophylaxis the serosa is adapted with 4.0 vicryl
individual button sutures.
Fig. 1 Monopolar incision of the myometrium down to visualisation of the myoma; identification
of a transmural fundus myoma with displacement of the cavity (Figures 1–3 from [35 ]. With permission of Springer Science + Business Media B. V. Special Licensing Department).
Fig. 2 Enucleation of the fundus myoma while sparing the cavity.
Fig. 3 Situation after enucleation of the myoma, subsequent multilayer adaptation of the
wound cavity with vicryl.
Questionnaire/data acquisition
After surgery the patients were questioned about the following items by means of a
questionnaire: preoperative as well as postoperative myoma-related complaints (dys-
or hypermenorrhoea, pressure sensitivity in lower abdomen, etc.), current desire for
children, previous pregnancies, miscarriages, extrauterine pregnancies, preoperative
births, postoperative pregnancies, type of conception (spontaneous or through IVF),
course of postoperative pregnancies including possible complications of pregnancy
such as miscarriages, extrauterine pregnancies, placental abruption, bleeding and
other pathologies that could be freely named. In addition, information was requested
about mode of delivery (vaginal spontaneous delivery, vacuum or forceps delivery,
primary or, respectively, secondary Caesarean section), possible complications of
labour (uterine atony and rupture) and on outcome of the baby (gestation period, birth
weight, Apgar).
The following data were extracted from the patient records: age, body mass index (BMI),
preoperative number of sonographically detected myomas as well as the number of intraoperatively
removed myomas, size of the largest myoma (pathology result), localisation and position
of the largest myoma, intraoperative opening of the cavity (yes/no), previous operations
on the uterus (myoma enucleation, Caesarean section), preoperative therapy with GnRH
analogues (yes/no/duration), operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative
complications.
Statistical analysis
The data were analysed with the help of SPSS 18 and calculated by means of the Wald
test. The relationships between symptoms and complaints were determined by the logistic
regression method.
Results
Study population
Altogether, 332 patients were operated for benign myomas, 89 women were not included
in the study because of andrological (n = 3) or, respectively, ovarian sterility (n = 4),
endometriosis rASRM III°/IV° (n = 22) as well as violation of the inclusion or, respectively,
exclusion criteria (n = 60). 33 women could not be contacted by post. The response
rate of the questionnaire amounted to 75.2 % (158/210). The details from two further
patients could be unambiguously evaluated on the basis of the clinicʼs internal documentation
system so that, altogether, 160 data sets were available for evaluation ([Fig. 4 ]).
Fig. 4 Patient characteristics, postoperative rates of pregnancy and delivery (conception
was differentiated between natural conception [NC] and IVF).
The average age of the 160 patients amounted to 34.6 years (23–42; SD ± 3.8), 46.3 %
of the women were between 35 and 42 years old. The average BMI was 24.7 (17–58; SD
± 0.43). The indication for myoma enucleation in 72.5 % was an unfulfilled desire
to have children, in 60 % bleeding disorders and in 36.5 % pressure complaints. In
most cases several symptoms were present concomitantly.
Operation characteristics
On average 5.0 myomas (SD ± 0.4; 1–46) were removed. In 52.5 % of the women one to
three myomas, in two women 14 myomas and in one patient each 15, 19, 22 and 46 myomas
were enucleated with preservation of the uterus. In the preoperative ultrasound examinations
fewer myomas were detected than were removed intraoperatively (mean value [MV] 1.98;
SD ± 0.11). The maximum diameter of the largest enucleated myoma in each case varied
between 1.5 cm and 19 cm, the MV amounted to 6.6 cm (SD ± 2.74). The surgical characteristics,
position and localisation of the largest resected myoma in each patient as well as
previous operations and prior treatments with GnRH analogues are summarised in [Table 1 ]. On average the operating time amounted to 163 minutes (SD ± 45.5; 75–290 minutes)
and was, as to be expected, longer with increasing numbers of myomas to be resected.
Table 1 Operation characteristics: number, maximum size, localisation and position of the
removed myomas, proportion of patients with previous laparotomies, myoma recurrences
and GnRH analogue pre-treatment in months.
Mean value
Standard deviation
Variance
Number of removed myomas
5.0
0.4
1–46
n = 39 (2.4 %)
n = 24 (15.0 %)
n = 21 (13.1 %)
Size of the largest myoma (cm)
6.6
2.7
1.5–19
Operating time (min)
163
45.5
75–290
Localisation of the respective largest enucleated myoma
Intramural
82.5 %
50.0 %
Subserous
15.6 %
Submucous
1.9 %
Position of the respective largest enucleated myoma
Posterior wall
45.6 %
Anterior wall
30.0 %
Fundus
15.0 %
Lateral wall
9.4 %
Previous therapies/interventions
Proportion of patients with previous laparotomy (Caesarean section, adnexal procedure,
myoma enucleations)
18.8 %
n = 85
Proportion of patients with myoma recurrence
13.3 %
n = 21
Proportion of patients with preoperative consumption of GnRH analogues
46.3 %
n = 74
1.9 %
n = 3
24.4 %
n = 39
15.0 %
n = 24
4.4 %
n = 7
0.6 %
n = 1
Intra-/postoperative complications: blood loss, cavity opening
The intraoperative blood loss was calculated on the basis of the pre- and postoperative
haemoglobin values and amounted on average to 1.6 g/dL (SD ± 1,0). In one patient
who underwent enucleation of 46 myomas three erythrocyte concentrates (ECs) were administered.
The patient became pregnant in the postoperative period and delivered her baby by
a primary Caesarean section. The intraoperative blood loss does not show a significant
correlation with the maximum size (p = 0.09) or the increasing number of myomas removed
(p = 0.54), however there is a tendency to increasing blood loss on removal of larger
myomas. A preoperative therapy with GnRH analogues does not correlate with the intraoperative
blood loss (p = 0.39). Opening of the cavity (17.5 %, n = 28) occurred significantly
more often in cases of anterior wall and posterior wall myomas (p = 0.0; p = 0.0)
and with higher probability when a previous hysteroscopy had shown a protrusion of
the myoma into the uterine cavity (p = 0.07/intramural anterior wall myoma, p = 0.0/intramural
posterior wall myoma). In two women (1.3 %) the myomas could not be removed completely
due to the danger of loss of the organ. The intra- and, respectively, postoperative
complications are listed in [Table 2 ].
Table 2 Intra- and postoperative complications.
Loss of haemoglobin (g/dL)
median 1.6
SD ± 1.0
variance 0–5.2
Intraoperative administration of 3 ECs
n = 1
Intraoperative cavity opening
n = 28
Incomplete myoma resection due to danger of hysterectomy
n = 2
Postoperative subcutaneous haematoma in abdominal wall with revision
n = 2
Postoperative syncopes with fall and ankle fracture
n = 1
Complication-free course
n = 154
Postoperative outcome: myoma-related complaints, rates of pregnancies and births
In 88.4 % of the patients suffering from preoperative bleeding disorders, there was
a marked reduction of the symptoms in the postoperative period. 115 patients (71.9 %)
were null gravida preoperatively, 28.1 % (45 patients) had had at least one pregnancy.
The rate of miscarriages amounted to 75.6 % (34 women). 72.5 % of the operated women
(116 patients) expressed the desire to have children, of these 60.3 % (70 women) became
pregnant after surgery. Altogether, these 70 women experienced 93 pregnancies up to
the end of the data acquisition period, 64 by natural conception as well as 25 after
IVF. In four pregnancies neither the type of conception nor the outcome of the pregnancy
could be determined, and thus these were excluded from the analysis ([Fig. 4 ]). 17 patients (14.6 % of 116 women with the desire to have children) became pregnant
twice after surgery, 4 women (3.4 %) three times and 2 women became pregnant 4 times.
Postoperative complications of pregnancy and birth
20 of the 89 recorded pregnancies (22.5 %) ended with a miscarriage, independent of
the type of conception (p = 0.47). 67 pregnancies (75,3 %) were carried through to
the end, in 28.4 % were completed with a vaginal delivery, the rate of Caesarean sections
amounted to 71.6 % of all deliveries (59.7 % primary, 11.9 % secondary). The gestation
period was on average (40.4 %) 38 weeks. 21.2 % of the babies were born prior to the
37th week of pregnancy, 65.4 % between the 37th and 40th week, and 13.5 % in the 41st
to 42nd week. The pregnancy outcomes, gestation periods. modes of delivery, and birth
weights of the babies are summarised in [Fig. 4 ]. The average Apgar values were 8.7, 9.6 and 9.8 after one, five and ten minutes,
respectively. In one patient a prepartal, silent uterine rupture occurred in the 4th
pregnancy after enucleation of 5 myomas (max. size 6 cm without opening of the cavity)
with one Caesarean section in the prior case history (1st postoperative pregnancy)
and two subsequent miscarriages. In this case the uterine rupture occurred in the
4th pregnancy in the region of the old Caesarean scar but was first noticed in the
primary Caesarean section in the 39th week. The uterus could be saved and the baby
was vital (2740 g, Apgar 9/10/10).
Bleeding prior to the 28th week of pregnancy occurred in eight patients, premature
labour pains and postpartum atonias not requiring blood transfusions occurred to two
cases each. There were no significant relationships between the occurrence of pregnancy
complications and intraoperative opening of the cavity (p = 0.46), total number of
previous operations (p = 0.39), number of myomas removed intraoperatively (p = 0.76)
or respectively diameter of the largest myoma (p = 0.18).
Discussion
For the patients in our test population, on average, 5.0 myomas (1–46) were removed.
In two women 14 myomas were removed, and in one patient each 15, 19, 22 and even 46
myomas were removed with sparing of the uterus. These women had explicitly requested
that their uterus should not be removed. The resected myomas on average had a maximum
size of 6.6 cm (SD ± 2.7; maximum size 19 cm). Other groups [32 ], [36 ] have shown that the performance of a minilaparotomy is still justified in cases
with extensive findings or, respectively, a so-called “potato sack uterus”. Among
our patients a very high percentage (82.5 %) had intramural myomas, that have already
been demonstrated to possibly lead to sterility, infertility or serious complications
of pregnancy [37 ], [38 ]. Almost 50 % of the intramural myomas had, on hysteroscopy, a recognisable link
to the cavity. In the case of such a finding an opening of the cavity is always to
be feared but occurred in merely 28 of our patients (17.5 %).
The intraoperative loss of blood on average was 1.6 g/dL (SD ± 1.0) in our patient
collective. We hold the opinion that the minilaparotomy under microsurgical conditions
with consequent haemostasis and in spite of the in part pronounced changes of the
uterus can be performed in a relatively low blood-loss manner and thus keeping the
morbidity for the patient at a low level. Schüring et al. have shown that removal
of on average 3.8 myomas of medium size (6.5 cm) by using microsurgical operation
techniques leads to a significantly lower blood loss that a conventional laparotomy
(1.8 vs. 2.4 g/dL; p = 0.007) [35 ]. Other studies have reported on blood losses of between 2.1 and 3.1 g/dL or, respectively,
150 to 840 mL also after laparoscopic interventions with high blood losses on removal
of multiple myomas [39 ], [40 ], [41 ]. In some, albeit older studies, the transfusion rate amounted to between 4.2 and
52.4 % [42 ], [43 ]. For the interpretation of these results, it should be critically noted that on
use of the decline in haemoglobin for quantification of the intraoperative blood loss
a possible iatrogenic dilution effect must be taken into consideration.
The postoperative pregnancy rate of 60.3 % is a very satisfactory result when the
in part extensive pathologies are taken into consideration. Other studies show pregnancy
or, respectively, birth rates of between 50 and 70 % depending on the removal of myomas
with a smaller average size and lower number [44 ], [45 ], [46 ], [47 ]. Campo et al. reported a 60.9 % pregnancy rate after enucleation of myomas with
an average diameter of 5.8 cm independent of whether a laparoscopy or a laparotomy
was performed [45 ]. The preoperative miscarriage rate of 57.1 % was markedly reduced to 13.8 % in this
report; this is comparable with our results (reduction of the miscarriage rate from
75.6 to 22.5 %). Other studies did not find any differences between myoma removal
by laparoscopy, robot-assisted laparoscopy or laparotomy [29 ], [45 ], [48 ], [49 ].
The rate of Caesarean sections in our patient collective was 71.6 % of all deliveries.
Higher rates after myoma enucleations have been described by other authors [46 ] and may be attributed to a higher desire of the parents for safety, especially after
conception by IVF. In principle, vaginal delivery is possible after myoma removal;
the risk for uterine rupture thereby corresponds ultimately to that for women who
have had a prior Caesarean section. The risk for a uterine rupture after a Caesarean
section sub partu amounts to between 1 and 17 %, the success rate for vaginal delivery
attempts after Caesarean section range from 50 to 90 % (average 73 %) [50 ], [51 ].
In our patient collective only one uterine rupture occurred during delivery but this
was not due to the performed myoma removal but rather to dehiscence of a suture after
a Caesarean section for the first postoperative pregnancy; thus in this case a relationship
with the myoma enucleation is most unlikely. The risk of an intra- or, respectively,
a peripartal rupture of the uterus may be considered as low for the surgical technique
described here in spite of the removal of larger or, respectively, multiple myomas.
However, the danger of a rupture in spontaneous delivery attempts after enucleation
of larger myomas must always be taken into consideration and the respective patient
must be informed of this risk and monitored accordingly [52 ], [53 ]. According to an analysis of larger collectives the incidence of pre- or intrapartal
uterus ruptures after laparoscopic myoma removal amounts to 1–10 % [46 ], [54 ], [55 ], [56 ], [57 ], [58 ], after myoma enucleation by laparotomy, this potentially lethal event for mother
and baby occurs in 0.2–5.3 % of the cases [59 ], [60 ]. Investigations on this topic have shown that the risk for uterus rupture is four
times higher after single layer suturing of the uterus wall than after double layer
suturing [61 ].
One limitation of our study concerns the preoperative administration of GnRH analogues
in 46.3 % to compensate for a bleeding anomaly. Nowadays this procedure is practically
obsolete since in the meantime the highly effective ulipistal acetate (UPA) with its
low side effect profile has become available.
In addition, it should be noticed that the performance of reconstructive operations
to restore function in the small pelvis requires a long time in order to avoid collateral
damage, e.g., to the tubes and ovaries, due to surgery. The average operating time
in our collective of 163 minutes (SD ± 45.5; 75–290 minutes) thus needs to be considered
critically even when the rates of intra- and postoperative complications of 1.9 %
are low. For laparoscopic as well as robot-assisted laparoscopic interventions, however,
operating times of between 57 up to 360 minutes have been reported [62 ], [63 ], [64 ].
On the whole, adhesions occur more frequently after laparotomies than after laparoscopic
procedures [65 ]. Minimal blood loss operating techniques are thus of particular relevance to avoid
postoperative adhesions. Therefore, for pronounced uterus myomatosus, an access route
via laparotomy with use of microsurgical instruments can be more effective and can
reduce perioperative morbidity [35 ]. Palomba et al. demonstrated that there are no differences in blood loss and the
probability of postoperative ileus between myoma removal by laparotomy with a small
incision (“mini-laparotomy”) as compared to a laparoscopic intervention [66 ]. The occurrence of postoperative adhesions after myoma removal and the possible
negative impact on fertility (e.g., peritubal adhesions with negative impact on the
ovum trapping mechanism) has as yet not been sufficiently evaluated.
Laparoscopy reaches it limits in cases with excessively large and multiple myomas
with protrusion into the uterine cavity and the danger of cavity opening [32 ], [34 ], [54 ], [67 ]. In cases with larger myomas, e.g., of the anterior or posterior uterine wall, as
well as softened nodes a laparoscopic procedure must not infrequently be converted
into a laparotomy [33 ], [36 ]. The size of the largest myoma of more than 5 cm has been identified as the most
important factor for the intraoperative conversion to a laparotomy [36 ], [62 ]. With regard to the choice of the surgical approach, there are as yet no guidelines
from the Association of Scientific and Medical Societies [Arbeitsgemeinschaft der
wissenschaftlichen medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF)].
We are convinced that, above all, the accurate reconstruction of the uterus wall is
of decisive importance for the postoperative outcome and therefore in cases with pronounced
myomatous findings the performance of a minilaparotomy can be beneficial. In cases
with myomas near to the cavity, opening of the uterine cavity should be avoided whenever
possible. Closure of the cavity with suturing of the wound margins in layers (edge-to-edge)
is essential for the later fertility [5 ], [48 ], [66 ]. The physiological contractility function of the uterus should be retained by an
exact adaptation of the myometrium layers. This cannot be realised satisfactorily
by laparoscopy in cases with extensive findings or, respectively, myomas lying deep
in the myometrium and reaching the uterine cavity. A further disadvantage of laparoscopy
is the lack of a possibility to palpate the uterus manually intraoperatively in order
to detect smaller nodes. This is supported by the high recurrence rates after laparoscopic
myomectomies [30 ].
Prior to surgery, the patient must be fully informed about the known risks through
to the need for transfusions or, respectively, the necessity for hysterectomy in cases
of life-threatening bleeding and in cases of massive myoma pathologies, the need to
abandon the organ-conserving procedure to protect the patientʼs life.
In the case of women with concomitant endometriosis and tubal function impairments,
the corresponding reconstructions through to tubal anastomosis under the microscope
can be carried out in the same minilaparotomy session [68 ], in the ideal case the natural ability to conceive can be restored in this manner.
Conclusions for Practice
According to literature data, in cases of multinodular uterus myomatosus or, respectively,
larger and especially intramural nodes protruding into the cavity, the minimally invasive
laparoscopic technique reaches its limits with regard to organ preservation. By means
of a minilaparotomy with use of microsurgical techniques with minimal blood loss it
is mostly possible not only to achieve the complete removal of all palpable nodes
but also an exact closure of the wound cavity. For most of the respective women this
means retention of the ability to conceive and the possibility to carry a subsequent
pregnancy through to delivery. The perioperative complications are minor due to the
tissue sparing surgical technique and the risk for a postoperative rupture of the
uterus in a later pregnancy or sub partu is minimal. As a limitation, it must be mentioned
that our study was a retrospective observational study, thus a selection bias or confounding
factors cannot be excluded. Accordingly a re-evaluation in a prospective control study
to compare myoma enucleation per laparoscopy with that by a minilaparotomy would be
valuable.
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