Keywords
Pleuropulmonary Blastoma - lung - benign or congenital lesions - airway (includes
related subject matter) - infant - pediatric
Introduction
Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare, aggressive, dysontogenetic, and malignant
tumor of intrathoracic (pulmonary, pleural, or combined) mesenchyme.[1]
It is the most common primary malignancy of the lung in childhood. It was initially
proposed to be a distinct entity in 1988.[2] Three pathologic types in the evolution of PPB have been defined: type I or purely
cystic, type II or cystic/solid, and type III or purely solid. The progression of
type I to types II and III is well documented. Not all cystic type I PPBs are destined
to progress to the more malignant types. These “nonprogressed/regressed” cystic cases
are designated as type I regressed (type Ir).[3]
In the newborn or older infant, purely cystic type I PPB is readily mistaken for one
of several congenital cystic lesions of the lungs such as congenital pulmonary airway
malformation (CPAM). Such lesions are more likely to be PPB if there is a family history
of PPB or associated tumors, but ultimately a pathologic examination is required.[4]
CPAMs encompass a varied group of disorders that include congenital cystic adenomatoid
malformation (CCAM), bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS), congenital lobar emphysema,
and bronchogenic cyst among other entities.
CPAM is relatively rare, with a reported incidence between 1:25,000 and 1:35,000.[5] CCAM was first described by Ch'in and Tang in 1949,[6] and is now also known as CPAM due to the new classification system established by
Stocker et al.
There are five types of CPAM including tracheobronchial (type 0), bronchial/bronchiolar
(type 1), bronchiolar (type 2), bronchiolar/alveolar (type 3), and distal acinar (type
4), classified according to the location of the developmental site of malformation.[7]
Type I PPB and CCAM are cystic lung diseases occurring in neonates or in young children.
Differentiating between them remains a challenge for pathologists, and type I PPB
is currently confused with CCAM.[7]
We are reporting our case to increase awareness about this entity so that the pediatricians,
pediatric surgeons, radiologist, and pathologist recognize it early.
Case Presentation
Our case is a 3-month-old male baby, who was born by cesarean section for big size,
as birth weight was 4.4 kg secondary to gestational diabetes. There were no reported
anomalies in the antenatal ultrasound. He had no neonatal complication and was doing
well until his presentation.
He had a 2-week history of cough associated with difficulty in breathing, for which
the family sought medical advice and was given treatment as bronchial asthma. Because
there was no improvement, he was taken to a pediatric pulmonologist who noticed significant
reduced air entry on the right side with mild respiratory distress. Chest X-ray was
done immediately, which showed a picture of emphysematous lesion versus a large multiloculated
cystic mass in the hemithorax, displacing the heart and mediastinum to the left side
indicating a possibility of pneumothorax; hence, an intercostal drain (ICD) was inserted
for this high possibility ([Fig. 1]). The baby was referred immediately for admission at our institute. An urgent CT
of the chest was done, which showed a large multiloculated cystic mass measuring at
its largest diameter (9.2 × 4.2 × 3.3 cm), occupying most of the right hemithorax.
The cystic spaces are air-filled, causing significant mass effect, displacing the
heart to the left side. Part of normal appearing right lung is seen anterior to the
heart ([Fig. 2]). CT angiogram (not included) from the same study does not show any systemic arterial
supply to the mass, excluding sequestration.
Fig. 1 AP chest radiograph.
Fig. 2 Axial CT cuts of the chest.
On the 4th day of his admission, the parents consented for surgery as his condition
was not improving. He underwent right thoracotomy and right lung lower lobectomy.
Intraoperatively, a large multilobulated cystic lesion was found occupying the whole
right hemithorax ([Figs. 3], [4]). The rest of the lung was normal, and it expanded well after the resection of the
right lower lobe.
Fig. 3 Cystic lesion.
Fig. 4 Resected right lower lobe.
The histopathology report came later with the diagnosis of PPB type 1. The normal
lung parenchyma is replaced by cysts that are lined by focally hyperplastic columnar
epithelium and the lung parenchyma is replaced by medium-sized blue cells ([Fig. 5]). The pleura is also replaced by sheets of medium-sized blue cells, with immature
elements. Differentiation of these cells was further classified on immunostains. There
is a cambium zone of variable thickness composed of round to spindle-shaped immature
mesenchymal cells interspersed with few bundles of smooth muscle. The epithelial cells
are positive for AE1/3. The mesenchymal cells are positive for desmin and smooth muscle
actin (SMA) ([Fig. 6]).
Fig. 5 H&E: ×200 The resected lung.
Fig. 6 H&E: ×100. The pleura.
He was referred to the oncology clinic where a further history documented no family
history of pulmonary tumors, lung or renal cysts, or brain tumors. This was confirmed
by renal ultrasound and brain MRI.
The family agreed to register him in the International PPB Registry where the blocks
were sent for confirmation. The case is registered as case 591, and the diagnosis
was confirmed.
The parents were not willing to consider adjuvant chemotherapy at this stage unless
there is evidence of relapse.
His follow-up CT at 3 months showed no evidence of residual or relapsed lung lesions.
His 6 months follow-up CT showed a spiculated soft tissue nodule at the medial basal
segment at operative resection site. Concern was raised about the possibility of recurrent
tumor ([Fig. 7]). Therefore, he was taken for a second look and the mentioned lesion was resected.
The histopathology of the resected lesion came as nonspecific foci of emphysema and
atelectasis only with no evidence of tumor.
Fig. 7 Six-month follow-up CT.
Because of the suspicion of recurrence and for a better outcome with adjuvant chemotherapy
for type I PPB, the parents finally agreed.
He is now 2 years in follow-up and is disease free and under surveillance ([Fig. 8]).
Fig. 8 Two-year follow-up.
Discussion
Pleuropulmonary blastoma is a rare intrathoracic tumor accounting for 15% of all primary
pediatric pulmonary tumors.[8]
There are several clinical and radiologic features that are predictive for PPB, including
symptoms (particularly pneumothorax), bilateral or multisegment involvement, the presence
of a complex cyst, and a germline mutation in the DICER1 gene, found in two-thirds of PPB. Our patient had a positive germline mutation in
the DICER1 gene, and the affected parent was the father. In contrast, the features that were
predictive for CPAM included prenatal diagnosis, systemic feeding vessel, and hyperinflated
lung.[9]
In the case reported, pneumothorax was highly suspected, but it was unilateral with
involvement of a single segment with a definite complex cyst, so he had two out of
four of the symptoms, as concluded by Feinberg et al.
Several studies have suggested that these two entities can be indistinguishable based
on imaging, and there is overlap between type 4 CCAM and type I PPB on pathology.[10]
It may be difficult for even experienced pathologists to correctly identify a lesion
as PPB, so a central pathology review has helped clarify questionable cases.[8]
Conclusion
The outcome of purely cystic PPB (types I and Ir) is better than the outcomes of more
aggressive types.[5]
The rarity and subtle malignant features of type I PPB contribute to difficulty in
making the correct diagnosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy appears to benefit patients with
type I PPB. A rigorous surveillance schedule after type I PPB diagnosis might detect
early recurrence and be an acceptable alternative to adjuvant chemotherapy if the
parents do not favor it.[3]
