Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung und Adipositas

Zusammenfassung

Forschungsergebnisse legen nahe, dass adipöse Kinder, Jugendliche und Erwachsene häufig unter einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) leiden bzw. Betroffene mit ADHS ein höheres Risiko für Übergewicht aufweisen. Eine mögliche Erklärung hierfür ist, dass ADHS über impulsives und desorganisiertes Essverhalten zu Adipositas beitragen kann, wobei die Binge-Eating-Störung einen möglichen Mediator darstellt. Weiterhin wird davon ausgegangen, dass ADHS und Adipositas ähnliche biologische Mechanismen teilen. Die angenommene Komorbidität hat wichtige klinische Implikationen. Bei adipösen Patienten sollten die diagnostischen Kriterien einer ADHS überprüft und das Essverhalten bei Patienten mit ADHS genauer erfragt werden. Neben einer fundierten Grundlagenforschung, klinischen und epidemiologischen Studien, sind pharmakologische und psychotherapeutische Behandlungsstudien notwendig, um die Komorbidität von ADHS und Adipositas verstehen und erfolgreich behandeln zu können.

Summary

Research suggests that obese children, adolescents and adults frequently suffer from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and that people affected by ADHD are at a higher risk of being overweight or obese. There is evidence that ADHD contributes to obesity via impulsive and disorganized eating behavior; binge-eating disorder could therefore be a possible mediator. Further it is assumed that ADHD and obesity share similar biologic mechanisms. The postulated comorbidity has important clinical implications. Obese patients should be tested regarding the diagnostic criteria of ADHD and eating behavior should be assessed in patients with ADHD. Besides basic research, clinical and epidemiological studies, pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment studies are necessary to further understand the comorbidity of ADHD and obesity and to treat it successfully.

Schlüsselwörter

Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung - Komorbidität - Adipositas

Keywords

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - comorbidity - obesity

• Literatur

• 1 Agranat-Meged AN, Deitcher C, Goldzweig G. et al. Childhood obesity and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a newly described comorbidity in obese hospitalized children. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2005; 37 (04) 357-359.
• 2 Altfas JR. Prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adults in obesity treatment. BMC Psychiatry 2002; 02: 9.
• 3 Anderson SE, Cohen P, Naumova EN. et al. Relationship of childhood behavior disorders to weight gain from childhood into adulthood. Ambulatory Pediatrics 2006; 06 (05) 297-301.
• 4 Bazar KA, Yun AJ, Lee PY. et al. Obesity and ADHD may represent different manifestations of a common environmental oversampling syndrome: a model for revealing mechanistic overlap among cognitive, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders. Medical Hypotheses 2006; 66 (02) 263-269.
• 5 Biederman J, Faraone SV, Monuteaux MC. et al. Growth deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revisited: impact of gender, development, and treatment. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 1010-1016.
• 6 Braet C, Claus L, Verbeken S. et al. Impulsivity in overweight children. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007; 16 (08) 473-483.
• 7 Cortese S, Angriman M. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity: moving to the next research generation. Pediatrics 2008; 122 (05) 1155.
• 8 Cortese S, Angriman M, Maffeis C. et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: a systematic review of the literature. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2008; 48 (06) 524-537.
• 9 Cortese S, Konofal E, Dalla BBernardina. et al. Does excessive daytime sleepiness contribute to explaining the association between obesity and ADHD symptoms?. Medical Hypotheses 2008; 70 (01) 12-16.
• 10 Curtin C, Bandini LG, Perrin EC. et al. Prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders: a chart review. BMC Pediatrics 2005; 05: 48.
• 11 Davis C. Psychobiological traits in the risk profile for overeating and weight gain. International Journal of Obesity 2009; 33: 49-53.
• 12 Davis C, Levitan RD, Smith M. et al. Associations among overeating, overweight, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a structural equation modelling approach. Eating Behaviors 2006; 07 (03) 266-274.
• 13 Dilling H. Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen. 4. Aufl. Bern: Huber; 2000
• 14 Dukarm CP. Bulimia nervosa and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a possible role for stimulant medication. Journal of Women’s Health 2005; 14 (04) 345-350.
• 15 El-Faddagh M, Laucht M, Maras A. et al. Association of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a high-risk community sample: a longitudinal study from birth to 11 years of age. Journal of Neural Transmission 2004; 111 (07) 883-889.
• 16 Erermis S, Cetin N, Tamar M. et al. Is obesity a risk factor for psychopathology among adolescents?. Pediatrics International 2004; 46 (03) 296-301.
• 17 Faraone SV, Biederman J, Monuteaux M. et al. Long-term effects of extended-release mixed amphetamine salts treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on growth. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2005; 15 (02) 191-202.
• 18 Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C. et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition?. World Psychiatry 2003; 02 (02) 104-113.
• 19 Fleming JP, Levy LD, Levitan RD. Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in severely obese women. Eating and Weight Disorders 2005; 10 (01) 10-13.
• 20 Holtkamp K, Konrad K, Müller B. et al. Overweight and obesity in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 2004; 28 (05) 685-689.
• 21 Hubel R, Jass J, Marcus A. et al. Overweight and basal metabolic rate in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eating and Weight Disorders 2006; 11 (03) 139-146.
• 22 Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R. et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 163 (04) 716-723.
• 23 Kessler RC, Adler LA, Barkley R. et al. Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Biological Psychiatry 2005; 57 (11) 1442-1451.
• 24 Lam LT, Yang L. Overweight/obesity and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder tendency among adolescents in China. International Journal of Obesity 2007; 31 (04) 584-590.
• 25 Levy LD, Fleming JP, Klar D. Treatment of refractory obesity in severely obese adults following management of newly diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Obesity 2009; 33 (03) 326-334.
• 26 McElroy SL, Guerdjikova A, Kotwal R. et al. Atomoxetine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2007; 68 (03) 390-8.
• 27 Mustillo S, Worthman C, Erkanli A. et al. Obesity and psychiatric disorder: developmental trajectories. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 851-859.
• 28 Pagoto SL, Curtin C, Lemon SC. et al. Association between adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity in the US population. Obesity 2009; 17 (03) 539-544.
• 29 Philipsen A, Heßlinger B, van Elst LT. Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-, Hyperaktivitätsstörung im Erwachsenenalter Diagnostik, Ätiologie und Therapie. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2008; 105 (17) 311-317.
• 30 Poston WS, Ericsson M, Linder J. et al. D4 dopamine receptor gene exon III polymorphism and obesity risk. Eating and Weight Disorders 1998; 03 (02) 71-77.
• 31 Rösler M, Retz-Junginger P, Retz W. et al. Homburger ADHS-Skalen für Erwachsene (HASE): Untersuchungsverfahren zur syndromalen und kategorialen Diagnostik der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Erwachsenenalter. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2008
• 32 Saß H, Wittchen H-U, Zaudig M. et al. Diagnostische Kriterien des Diagnostischen und statistischen Manuals psychischer Störungen DSM-IVTR. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2003
• 33 Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Harding M. et al. Growth deficits in ADHD children revisited: evidence for disorder-associated growth delays?. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1996; 35 (11) 1460-1469.
• 34 Spencer TJ, Faraone SV, Biederman J. et al. Does prolonged therapy with a long-acting stimulant suppress growth in children with ADHD?. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006; 45 (05) 527-537.
• 35 Still GF. The Culostian lectures on some abnormal psychical conditions in children. Lancet 1902; 1008-1012.
• 36 Strimas R, Davis C, Patte K. et al. Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, overeating, and body mass index in men. Eating Behaviors 2008; 09 (04) 516-8.
• 37 Surman CBH, Randall ET, Biederman J. Association between attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and bulimia nervosa: analysis of 4 case-control studies. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2006; 67 (03) 351-354.
• 38 Swanson J, Greenhill L, Wigal T. et al. Stimulant-related reductions of growth rates in the PATS. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006; 45 (11) 1304-1313.
• 39 Waring ME, Lapane KL. Overweight in children and adolescents in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a national sample. Pediatrics 2008; 122 (01) 1-6.
• 40 Wender EH. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders in adolescence. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 1995; 16 (03) 192-195.